Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.

Blackwood (en), Acacia à bois noir (fr), Acacia à bois dur (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Acacia

Characteristics

Unarmed tree up to 20 m high; young branchlets angular, glabrous or the young shoots minutely pubescent. Leaves phyllodic, apparently simple, glabrous, mostly 6-12 x 0.6-1.2(2.5) cm, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, straight to falcate, narrowed basally, with 3-7 prominent longitudinal nerves and a conspicuous reticulate venation between the longitudinal nerves (on young plants bipinnate leaves are sometimes produced at the apex of the phyllode). Inflorescences globose, solitary or in short axillary racemes. Flowers pale yellowish-white; peduncles up to 6 mm long. Calyx more than half as long as the corolla. Corolla glabrous. Pods brown, 5-15 x 0.6-0.8 cm, oblong, falcate or variously coiled or spirally twisted, flattened, margins thickened, not constricted between the seeds, dehiscing longitudinally along both margins. Seeds dark brownish-black, 4-5 x ±2.5 mm, smooth, compressed; areole ±3x1 mm; funicle very long, thickened, almost encircling the seed in a double fold.
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Tree 6–30 (–45) m high; sometimes a shrub 1.5–3 m high; may spread by root suckers; bipinnate leaves often persist on young plants. Bark hard, fissured and somewhat scaly. Branchlets angular at extremities, ribbed, glabrous, rarely puberulous. Phyllodes narrowly elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, often inequilateral, straight to ± falcate, 4–16 cm long, 6–30 mm wide, obtuse to acute, ± coriaceous, dark green, glabrous, with 3–5 main veins and prominently reticulate in between (vein islands ± rectangular). Inflorescences comprising mostly 3–5-headed racemes; raceme axes 6–40 mm long; peduncles 4–13 mm long, glabrous or puberulous; heads globular, 6 mm diam., 30–56-flowered, creamy pale yellow to white. Flowers 5‑merous; sepals ¾ or more united. Pods strongly curved to openly coiled and often twisted, to 15 cm long, 3.5–8 mm wide, coriaceous to subwoody, glabrous. Seeds longitudinal, broadly elliptic, 3–5 mm long, glossy, black; funicle fleshy, pink to deep red, twice-encircling seed.
An evergreen tree. It grows to a height of 30 m. It has a spread of 4-12 m. The stem is erect. The branches are spreading. They are angular. The bark is rough and furrowed. The foliage is often dark green and silvery. Young plants can have feathery true leaves. The leaves (phyllodes-leaf stems like leaves) are greyish green and slightly curved. They have rounded ends. There are 3-6 veins running along the leaf. The leaves are 7-20 cm long and tapered being broadest in the centre and more narrow near each end. The flowers are pale yellow balls. They are 1 cm across. The pods are curved sometimes into a complete circle. The pods are flat. The seeds are black and shiny. The seeds are bright orange where they join the pod.
Tree, 5-20 m high. Branches angular, glabrous or tips finely hairy when young. Leaves phyllodia, apparently simple, greyish turning dark, dull green, glabrous, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 60-120 x 6-12 mm, straight to falcate, narrowed basally, 3-7 prominent longitudinal veins, young plants or coppice shoots may have bipinnate lamina at apex of phyllodia. Flowers globular heads solitary or in short axillary racemes, pale yellow to whitish. Flowering time Aug., Sept. Pod reddish brown, 50-150 x 6-8 mm, twisted, flattened, margins thickened, apex acute, dehiscent; seed funicle thickened, pink-red.
Resprouting shrub or tree to 35 m. Phyllodes linear-oblanceolate, with 3-7, longitudinal veins, dull dark green. Flowers in globose heads, pale yellow. Pods flat, straight or variously coiled, not constricted between seeds.
Glomerules in axillary racemes. Pods coiled.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 4.0 - 8.0
Mature height (meter) 12.2 - 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.7
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

This species grows in a diversity of habitats, but favours fertile soils in valleys and on flats in mountainous areas, often growing in wet sclerophyll forest and cooler rainforest. In northwestern Tasmania A. melanoxylon grows as a tall dominant tree in forested seasonal swamp. In southwestern Western Australia it has been reported growing in Karri forest and on road verges; it has commonly been planted as an ornamental tree and is now naturalised and spreading in high rainfall areas, according to Wheeler et al., Flora of the South West 2: 670 (2002).
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A temperate plant. It occurs naturally in the cooler parts of Australia. It prefers rich loamy soils. It needs a protected position. It cannot tolerate drought. It is resistant to frost. It can stand light shade. In Indonesia it grows between 1,500-2,300 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 8-11. Arboretum Tasmania.
Wet forests on good soils up to the montane zone. Usually an under-storey tree in Eucalyptus forests. Swamp forest, riverine rain forest and as understorey component of wet eucalypt forest.
Wet forests on good soils up to the montane zone. Usually an under-storey tree in Eucalyptus forests. Swamp forest, riverine rain forest and as understorey component of wet eucalypt forest.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 5-8
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

The wood (which resembles teak) is prized for cabinet work, panelling and for stringed instruments. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. Cultivated in some countries (e.g. Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka) for lumber, fuelwood and amenity plantings, but the timber quality is inferior to the Australian grown wood, (S.J. Midgley & K. Vivekanandan, in J.W. Turnbull (ed.), Australian Acacias in Developing Countries 132–135 (1987)). Notes on the timber value of Acacia melanoxylon in Tasmania are provided by S.M. Jennings, Blackwood, Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 10 (1991). Further details of the utilisation of A. melanoxylon are given in J.C. Doran et al., in J.C. Doran & J.W. Turnbull (eds), Australian Trees and Shrubs: Species for Land Rehabilitation and Farm Planting in the Tropics 186–189 (1997), B.R. Maslin and M.W. McDonald, AcaciaSearch: Evaluation of Acacia as a woody crop option for southern Australia, RIRDC Publication No. 30/017, 128–135 (2004), and D.J. Boland et al., Forest Trees of Australia 5th edn, 168–169 (2006). Blackwood Wattle features on a $2 Australian postage stamp (1996).
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The gum is eaten. The seed are edible.
Uses animal food charcoal dye environmental use food fuel gum material medicinal ornamental poison tea timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible flowers gums seeds
Therapeutic use Hypercholesterolemia (seed), Hypoglycemic agents (seed)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from seed. The seeds are first soaked in boiling water. If the roots are damaged it produces suckers.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -11
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 22
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Acacia melanoxylon habit picture by Acosta García Isabel (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon habit picture by Joshua Gilmore (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon habit picture by redcilleros34 (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Acacia melanoxylon leaf picture by Gandini Arturo (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon leaf picture by Toby Cotton (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon leaf picture by A Dani A (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Acacia melanoxylon flower picture by Claude Hervais (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon flower picture by Quiroga Belen (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon flower picture by Georgia Pope (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Acacia melanoxylon fruit picture by Owen Owen Thompson-Lastad (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon fruit picture by Acosta García Isabel (cc-by-sa)
Acacia melanoxylon fruit picture by Athos Zanarini (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Acacia melanoxylon world distribution map, present in Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Chile, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Georgia, India, Italy, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Lesotho, Moldova (Republic of), Mauritius, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, Réunion, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:470873-1
WFO ID wfo-0000204086
COL ID 8PN2
BDTFX ID 106
INPN ID 79701
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Racosperma melanoxylon Mimosa melanoxylon Acacia arcuata Acacia melanoxylon Acacia melanoxylum Mimosa melanoxylum Acacia melanoxylon var. arcuata Acacia melanoxylon var. obtusifolia Racosperma melanoxylon