Acacia pycnantha Benth.

Golden wattle (en), Grand-Mimosa doré (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Acacia

Characteristics

An evergreen shrub or tree. It grows to 8 m tall with a spread of about 4 m. The stem is smooth and erect. The stem is rarely more than 25 cm across. The bark of the branches can have a bluish bloom. The stems can sometimes hang downwards. The leaves (phyllodes) are bright green and shiny. They are curved or sickle shaped and broad. They are 6-20 cm long and 1-2 cm wide. They are usually broadest above the centre and tapering towards both ends. They have a prominent central nerve and side veins. There is a gland near the base of the leaf. The flower heads are deep golden yellow balls. They are large and have a sweet smell. The flower clusters are on zigzag stalks. These flowering stalks are 8-15 cm long. These dense clusters of golden flowers characterise the plant making it the floral emblem of Australia. The pods are brown. They are 8-13 cm long by 1-2 cm wide. They are flat, straight and leathery. The seeds are moderate sized and oval.
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Shrub or tree usually 3–8 m high. Branchlets sometimes pruinose, glabrous. Phyllodes often pendulous, falcately recurved to oblanceolate, pulvinus 4–7 mm long, much-narrowed at base, 8–15 (–22.5) cm long, (4–) 10–35 (–52) mm wide, obtuse to acute, coriaceous, glabrous, with prominent midrib, penninerved; gland often slightly exserted, sometimes 2, with the lowermost 3–45 mm above pulvinus. Inflorescences racemose; raceme axes mostly 2–9 cm long, stout, glabrous; peduncles (2–) 3–6 mm long, stout, glabrous; heads showy, globular to obloid, densely c. 40–80-flowered, bright golden, sometimes lemon yellow; bracteoles evident in buds; laminae subcircular, > 0.5 mm diam., dark brown to blackish, white-fimbriolate. Flowers 5-merous; sepals united. Pods linear, 5–13 cm long, 5–7 (–8) mm wide, firmly chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous. Seeds longitudinal, ±oblong, 5.5–6 mm long, somewhat shiny, black; aril clavate.
Unarmed shrub or tree up to 10 m high; young branchlets terete or almost so, glabrous. Leaves phyllodic, apparently simple, glabrous, 10-20 x (1)1.5-3 cm, obovate-lanceolate, distinctly falcate, mostly obtuse apically, narrowed basally, with a single main longitudinal nerve and finely but distinctly penninerved, margin nerve-like, with a fairly large marginal gland near the base (on young plants and coppice shoots bipinnate leaves are sometimes produced at the apex of the phyllode). Inflorescences globose, in axillary racemes or panicles. Flowers bright yellow; peduncles stout, up to 7 mm long. Calyx about 2/3 as long as the corolla, pubescent apically. Corolla ± glabrous.Podsbrown.6-12 x 0.4-0.7cm, straight or slightly curved, flattened, margins slightly constricted between some of the seeds, dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds dark brownish-black, 5-7 x 2.75-3.5 mm, smooth, compressed; caruncle conspicuous.
Unarmed small or medium-sized tree. Branchlets subterete or terete, quite glabrous as the remaining parts of the plant. Phyllodia rather long-stalked, lanceolate-falcate, top narrowed, obtuse, 7.5-15 cm, the larger ones often 2.5 cm wide in the middle, coriaceous, with one main nerve, penniveined, with vein-like margins, one marginal gland, rather large and close to the base; pulvinus long. Flowering heads composed of 50-100 flowers, in axillary and terminal racemes, those at the ends of the branches often aggregated into panicles. Pod straight or slightly curved, impressed between the seeds, 8-12 by 0.5-0.7 cm. Seeds longitudinal, ovate-oblong; funicle either not folded or with one or two very short folds at the base.
Tree or shrub, 2-10 m high. Branches terete when young, pendulous, glabrous, may have knobby galls. Leaves phyllodia, apparently simple, dull-green, glabrous, coriaceous, obovate-lanceolate, 100-200 x 15-30 mm, straight to falcate, narrowed basally, single prominent midvein, apex obtuse, young plants or coppice shoots may have bipinnate lamina at apex of phyllodia. Flowers globular heads in axillary racemes, bright yellow. Flowering time Aug., Sept. Pod brown, 60-120 x 4-7 mm, straight, flattened, margins slightly constricted between some seeds, dehiscent.
Shrub or tree to 20 m. Phyllodes falcate, with 1 central, longitudinal vein, dull green. Flowers in globose heads, bright yellow. Pods flat, slightly constricted between seeds.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 8.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a warm temperate plant. It occurs naturally in eastern Australia. It prefers shallow sandy soils. It is drought resistant but frost tender when young. It will grow in part shade or full sun. They do not suit high altitudes or very wet conditions. Naturally it grew in areas with a rainfall of 35-70 mm but now grows in areas with rainfall up to 2,280 mm. It suits hot dry areas. It can grow in arid places. It grows between 1,450-2,000 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. Tasmania Herbarium.
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Thickets, or as an under-storey in Eucalyptus forests, especially on very poor soils. Grows in sand or loam, in Eucalyptus forest or woodland, open scrub and heath.
Grows in sand or loam, in Eucalyptus forest or woodland, open scrub and heath.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-9
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

A fast growing, rather short-lived, somewhat frost-sensitive species which is widely planted as an ornamental, especially on account of its profusion of strongly perfumed, golden flower-heads. A pendulous variant and a pale-headed variant are known in cultivation, fide W.R. Elliot & D.L. Jones, Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants 2: 103 (1982). The bark is one of the richest sources of tannin in the world, although it is now rarely used commercially; the timber is tough and close-grained; the gum was eaten by Aborigines (see Cunningham 1981: 370, for references). Acacia pycnantha is the official floral emblem of Australia (see Boden 1985, Hitchcock 2012, and World Wide Wattle). It also features widely in the arts and wattle designs. Acacia pycnantha features on the $100 Australian banknote released into general circulation from 29 October 2020, as part of the Next Generation of Banknotes featuring Australian native wattles and birds. It also occurs on a $150 Floral Emblems of Australia Golden Wattle gold proof coin (2001), Discover Australia 2007 Golden Wattle platinum coin, and a 50c coin commemorating Queen Elizabeth’s Platinum Jubilee (2022). It also occurs as one of the floral symbols on the U.K. 1 oz silver coin that honours Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee 1952–2022. Acacia pycnantha features on various Australian postage stamps, including a 5c Golden Wattle coil stamp (1970), 41c Australia Day 1990 stamp (1990), 70c Native Wildflowers-Golden Wattle (2014). Further information on the uses and utilisation potential of Acacia pycnantha is given in Whibley & Symon (1992), Maslin et al. (1998) and Maslin & McDonald (2004: 160–165).
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The seeds are eaten. The gum is eaten. The nectar from the flowers is used for a drink.
Uses bee plant dye environmental use erosion control essential oil experimental purposes food fuel gene source gum invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental perfumery timber wood
Edible flowers gums seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from seed. The seed need treatment to break the hard seed coat. Normally this is by putting the seeds in very hot water and letting the water cool down overnight then planting the seeds immediately. Seed can be sown directly in the field. It can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Acacia pycnantha habit picture by Margarita (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Acacia pycnantha leaf picture by Antonio Chiocchio (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha leaf picture by Emanuelé Congiu (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha leaf picture by pablocuesta92 (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Acacia pycnantha flower picture by Jacques Fortin (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha flower picture by Jacques Fortin (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha flower picture by Simon Chirgwin (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Acacia pycnantha fruit picture by Zugna Fulvio (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha fruit picture by Jacques Fortin (cc-by-sa)
Acacia pycnantha fruit picture by Almudena Jiménez (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Acacia pycnantha world distribution map, present in Australia, France, Indonesia, India, Italy, New Zealand, Portugal, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, and South Africa

Conservation status

Acacia pycnantha threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:471275-1
WFO ID wfo-0000210558
COL ID 8PWT
BDTFX ID 88
INPN ID 79706
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Acacia petiolaris Racosperma pycnanthum Acacia pycnantha var. petiolaris Acacia westonii Acacia pycnantha