Adenia heterophylla Koord.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Passifloraceae > Adenia

Characteristics

Climber to 30 m. Leaves membranous (herbaceous) to coriaceous, entire to 5-partite, orbicular to ovate to lanceolate, top rounded to acute, up to 3 cm acuminate, base acute to cordate, (3½-)5-25by (1½-)2½-19 cm, 3-5(-7)-plinerved to pinni-nerved by 4-10 pairs of nerves, margin entire or up to ½ cm dentate; lobes triangular to lanceolate, up to 15 cm; petiole 1-10 cm. Glands at blade-base 2, 1-4 mm ø, on two auricles 2-6 mm ø at the apex of the petiole, ± adnate with the blade, either ± connate over the apex of the petiole or not; blade-glands 0-2 pairs, ½-2 mm ø, submarginal; marginal glands minute, 0-25 at either side. Inflorescences peduncled up to 20 cm, rarely in short-shoots, in ♂ up to 40-flowered, in ♀ (1-)2-4(-8)-flowered; tendrils l(-3), 1-5 cm. Sterile tendrils simple, rarely 3-fid, up to 25 cm. Plants sometimes monoecious with ♂ and ♀ flowers mixed in one inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles narrowly triangular, acute, ½-1½ mm. ♂ Flowers tubi-form to urceolate, including the 3-15 mm long stipe (10-)15-25(-30) by 1½-5(-7½) mm. Hypanthium including calyx tube 5-12(-14) mm, fleshy. Calyx lobes triangular, acute to subobtuse, 1-3 mm, re-flexed, inserted near the throat of the calyx tube. Petals narrowly triangular to lanceolate, subacute, 2-4 mm, reflexed. Filaments 1-4 mm, connate for ¼-3 mm, inserted at the base of the hypanthium, or on an androgynophore up to 4 mm. Anthers 3-5 mm, subacute, up to ½ mm apiculate. Septa 1-3 mm high. Corona 0. Disk glands 1-3 mm. ♀ Flowers tubiform, including the 1-6(-10) mm long stipe (6-)7-18(-22) by 3-5(-6) mm. Hypanthium including calyx tube (4-)6-13 mm. Calyx lobes elongate triangular, subacute, 1-2½ mm. Petals oblong to lanceolate, (sub)acute, 2-4 mm, inserted near the throat of the calyx tube. Staminodes 1-3 mm, connate for up to 1½ mm. Septa ½-2 mm high. Corona 0. Disk glands ½-2½ mm. Androgynophore up to 2½ mm. Ovary 1-3½ mm stiped, subglobose to oblong, 3-5 by 2-3 mm, 3(-5)-carpellate; styles 3(-5), ½-I m up to halfway connate; stigmas papillate, each c. 1½ mm ø. Fruits 1-3(-4), ellipsoid to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ± 3-ribbed, base and top obtuse or acute, excluding the (½-)1-3(-4) cm long gynophore 2-13 by 1¾-4½ cm; pericarp coriaceous, 1-3 mm ø, when fresh ± fleshy, yellowish to bright red. Seeds 10-60, orbicular to obliquely triangular, (4-)5-10 by 4½-10 by 2½-3½ mm, pitted, sometimes muricate; embryo 4-8½ mm; cotyledons orbicular to ovate, emarginate or truncate at one side, or shallowly 3-lobed, 4-7½ by 4-7 mm.
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Canopy lianas, to 30 m long. Roots fleshy, thickened. Stems terete, to 5 cm in diam.; internodes 2-20 cm; tendrils (3-forked or) simple, to 25 cm. Stipules flattened-triangular, ca. 1 mm; petiole 1-10 cm, glands at blade-petiole junction 2, on concave 2-4 mm in diam. auriculate extensions at apex of petiole in mature leaves, 1-3 mm in diam.; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, membranous to leathery, glands often present, dotlike, base of mature leaf oblong, unlobed or (2 or)3-lobed with distal 1/3 of leaf often slightly constricted from slight lobation, margin entire to serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Plants (monoecious or) dioecious. Inflorescences often with tendril emerging from center, peduncle to 20 cm, to 40-flowered in males, 2-4-flowered in females; bracts and bracteoles narrowly triangular, ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5-13 mm. Flowers tubiform-urceolate, 15-25 × 2-5 mm, including stipe 1-15 mm. Hypanthium urceolate to cupuliform, wall fleshy-leathery, ca. 0.5 mm thick, 3-6 mm deep. Calyx tube 2-3 mm; lobes reflexed, triangular, 1-3 mm, rounded to acute, entire. Petals oblanceolate to triangular, 2-4 × 0.5-1 mm, red punctate, base hastate, apex entire to undulate, rounded to acute. Septa 0.25-3 mm high. Corona absent. Disk glands linear, to 3 mm high, truncate. Male flowers: filaments 1-4 mm, connate up to 2 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; anthers ca. 3 × 1 mm, acute, up to 0.5 mm apiculate; vestigial ovary ca. 1 mm, gynophore to 1 mm. Female flowers: staminodes 1-3 mm, connate to 1 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; ovary subglobose to oblong, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm; gynophore ca. 3 mm; style arms ca. 1 mm, free or connate for ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas globose, papillate. Capsules 1-3 per inflorescence, outside deep red at dehiscence, ellipsoid, fruit body to 13 cm, with gynophore to 3 cm, fruit wall leathery. Seeds to 60 per capsule, orbicular; funicles of seeds 5-15 mm. Fl. and fr. throughout year, primarily during wet periods.
Vine to 30 m long; stems terete. Leaves simple to 5-lobed; lamina orbicular, ovate or lanceolate, 5–25 cm long, 2–19 cm wide, apex rounded to acute, base acute to cordate. Tendrils simple, rarely 3-fid, up to 25 cm long. Plants sometimes monoecious with male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Peduncle up to 20 cm long. Male inflorescences up to 40-flowered; female inflorescences (1–) 2–4 (–8)-flowered. Flowers tubiform to urceolate, borne on a stipe articulated with pedicel, (10–) 15–25 (–30) mm long including stipe, 1.5–7.5 mm wide. Stipe of male flowers 3–15 mm long. Stipe of female flowers 1–6 (–10) mm long. Calyx-lobes triangular, 1–3 mm long. Petals lanceolate, 2–4 mm long. Corona absent. Stamens partially connate into a filament tube. Styles 3 (–5), partially conate. Fruit ellipsoid to oblong-lanceolate, red, pendulous, 2–13 cm long excluding the (0.5–) 1–3 (–4) cm long gynophore, 1.75–4.5 cm wide. Seeds 10–60, orbicular to obliquely triangular.
A slender climber. It grows to 20-30 m long. The stem is square. The leaves are heart shaped tapering to the tip. They are bright green and shiny. There are a few teeth along the edge of the leaf. The leaf is 10-15 cm long by 5-10 cm wide. They have 3 pairs of side veins and a pair of glands at the base of the leaf blade. The plant has long tendrils with a thick hook at the end. The flowers are of one sex but male and female flowers occur on the same plant. The male flower clusters has up to 40 flowers. The female has 1-4 flowers. The flowers are small, green and 0.8 cm across. The fruit is a capsule and narrows towards both ends. It hangs from the vine. It is bright red and turns purple. The fruit is 8 cm long by 3 cm wide. It splits into 3. There are many seeds and they are covered with a white pulp. They occur in rows and are grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality
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Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 15.0
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Nitrogen fixer -
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Environment

In a variety of habitats in forest and scrub. The species shows as a whole a distinct preference for seasonal climatic conditions and is absent in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Fl. fr. Jan.-Dec, but mostly in the rainy season.The species is usually dioecious, but not rarely monoecious specimens occur with ♂ and ♀ flowers in one inflorescence.The tubular, narrow-throated flowers suggest pollination by insects.
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It is a tropical plant. It occurs in low hills in rainforest and monsoon scrub. In tropical Queensland it grows from sea level to 300 m altitude. It prefers semi shade. It is very sensitive to frost. In XTBG Yunnan.
Rainforests following disturbance and monsoon vine and beach forests and scrubland.
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Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

Uses. The plant as a whole, and especially the fruit, is reported as poisonous, and used as poison for hunting; the juicy aril is sometimes mentioned as sweet and edible, whereas POILANE reported for Indo-China that the leaves are eaten by the Moїs.In the Philippines a decoction of the root is a remedy for stomach trouble.
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In the Philippines a decoction of the root has been traditionally used to treat stomach complaints (de Wilde 1972). Also used in other parts of Asia in traditional medicine.
The fruit is eaten when ripe. (The whole fruit including skin and seeds.) The seeds inhibit trypsin unless heated. CAUTION: Most Adenia are poisonous.
Uses food material medicinal poison
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Headache (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified)
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Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed. It may be best to ferment the seeds inside the fruit before planting. Stem cuttings can be used. Plants need regular pruning because they grow vigorously.
Mode seedlings
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Images

Adenia heterophylla unspecified picture

Distribution

Adenia heterophylla world distribution map, present in Australia, China, Indonesia, India, and Solomon Islands

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:674098-1
WFO ID wfo-0000519991
COL ID 9Z4P
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Modecca coccinea Modecca acuminata Adenia diversifolia Adenia formosana Adenia heterophylla Adenia longifolia Adenia maclurei Adenia palmatifolia Microblepharis heterophylla Microblepharis acuminata Modecca cardiocarpa Modecca oblonga Adenia cardiocarpa Adenia chevalieri Adenia coccinea Adenia pandurata Adenia zucca Passiflora zucca Modecca formosana Modecca heterophylla Adenia acuminata Adenia oblonga Adenia parviflora Adenia populifolia

Lower taxons

Adenia heterophylla subsp. arcta Adenia heterophylla subsp. australis Adenia heterophylla var. celebica Adenia heterophylla subsp. andamanica