Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Tree-of-heaven (en), Ailante glanduleux (fr), Faux Vernis du Japon (fr), Faux vernis du Japon (fr), Ailante (fr), Ailanthe (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Simaroubaceae > Ailanthus

Characteristics

Deciduous tree, usually or always dioecious in N.Z., to c. 25 m high with pale-striped, smooth bark, often suckering extensively from underground roots. Buds suborbicular. Lvs 40-60-(70) cm long; rachis glabrous or puberulent. Leaflets 11-25, the terminal one often reduced or abortive; petiole < 1 cm long, puberulent or glabrous. Lamina 7-15-(17) × 3-6-(7.5) cm, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate at apex, glabrous, or hairy towards base of midrib below, glaucescent below; basal glands prominent, usually at apex of small basal lobes, sometimes at apex of 2, small, distinct leaflets. Peduncles and pedicels glabrous or slightly puberulent. Fls foetid. Calyx c. 1 mm long; lobes ± triangular-ovate. Petals 2.5-4 mm long, green, white-woolly within and on lower margins. Staminodes of ♀ fls similar in size to stamens of ♂; filaments slender, < to slightly > petals. Pistil rudimentary in ♂ fls. Samara (2.5)-3-5-(4.5) × 0.7-1.4 cm, light reddish brown or pinkish red, tapering at each end, notched on 1 side opposite seed.
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A deciduous tree. It grows to 25 m high and spreads 15 m across. The stem is stout and erect. The trunk can be 75 cm across. It forms suckers. The bark is smooth and grey. The leaves are dark green and compound. They are 1 m long. They have unequal leaflets along the stalk. There are 11-41 leaflets. The central stalk is 25-75 cm long. The leaflets are 5-15 cm long. They are widest towards the base and pointed at the tip. They have an unpleasant smell when crushed. There are small basal lobes or teeth near the base. The flowers are yellowish-green. They occur in large erect clusters. They are at the tip of the shoot. The male and female flowers are on separate trees. The male flowers have a bad smell. The fruit are red with wings. There is a seed case with one dry seed and a long twisted wing around it.
Trees, deciduous, up to 20 m tall; bark smooth and straightly grained. Branches with pith, yellow or yellow-brown pubescent when young, then glabrescent. Leaves odd-pinnate, 40-60 cm; petiole 7-13 cm; leaflets 13-27, opposite or nearly so; blades ovate-lanceolate, abaxially dark green, adaxially gray-green, smelly when rubbed. Panicles 10-30 cm. Flowers light green; pedicel 1-2.5 mm. Sepals 5, imbricate, 0.5-1 mm. Petals 5, 2-2.5 mm, base hispid. Stamens 10; filaments densely hispid basally, longer than petals in males, shorter than petals in females; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Carpels 5; styles connate; stigmas 5-lobed. Samarium oblong, 3-4.5 × 1-1.2 cm. Seed in middle of wing, flat-globose. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug-Oct.
Deciduous tree to c. 10 m high, suckering from roots to form dense thickets. Leaves mostly with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets, glabrous or puberulous; leaflets ovate, acute to acuminate, 4–13 cm long, soft, oblique and lobed or dentate near base with abaxial gland near tip of each lobe; stipules caducous, c. 0.5 mm long. Calyx lobes c. 1 mm long. Petals ovate, inrolled, c. 3 mm long, woolly on inner surface and lower margins, white. Stamens in 2 whorls, dimorphic, half to equal petal-length in male flowers, shorter in female. Carpels 5, glabrous; styles connate in lower half; stigmas connate, peltate. Samara c. 4 cm long and 1 cm wide, yellow-red.
Tree or shrub, up to 25 m high; suckers profusely; dioecious. Stems with young branches reddish brown. Leaves imparipinnate; 300-600(-1000) mm long; petiolate; rachis erect, but leaflets tend to droop; leaflets ovate, apices acute to acuminate, margins toothed at base, each tooth with a sessile gland. Flowers: male flowers in axillary cymes on long pedicels, female flowers solitary on long pedicels; calyx 5-parted, sepals 5; petals 5, often very similar to sepals, elliptic, each with a fleshy gland at base, yellowish green; Sep.-Dec., Apr.-Jun. Fruit a samara.
Rapidly growing tree with few branches and coarse twigs; lvs large, to 1 m; lfls 11–41 (the terminal one often imperfectly developed or wanting), narrowly oblong, entire except for one or more coarse teeth near the base, each tooth with a large gland beneath; infl pyramidal, 1–3 dm; fls greenish or greenish-yellow, 5 mm wide; frs 3–5 cm × 7–13 mm, twisted; 2n=80. Native of e. Asia, often escaped from cult. in our range, especially in cities. (A. glandulosa)
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 15.0
Mature height (meter) 25.0
Root system creeping-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.55
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is native to China. It is drought and frost resistant. It will grow on most soils. It has become a problem plant in some areas of Australia. It cannot tolerate shade. It is naturalised in temperate North and South America. In Argentina it grows between sea level and 800 m above sea level. It needs an annual temperature between 10-20°C and areas with an annual rainfall between 300-2,500 mm. It grows in hardiness zones 5-10. Melbourne Botanical gardens.
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Found in a wide range of habitats at elevations from 100-2,500 metres. Uplands.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-8

Usage

The young leaves have been cooked and eaten as an emergency food. They possibly contain some poisons. CAUTION: The flowers can irritate the skin. The plant produces a greenish-brown honey.
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Has been cultivated as an ornamental tree, used in folk medicines (e.g. Chinese traditional medicines), and some use has been made of its timber.
Uses animal food charcoal dye environmental use fodder fuel material medicinal ornamental poison timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Antiparasitic agents (bark), Dysentery (bark), Epilepsy (bark), Narcotics (bark), Parasympatholytics (bark), Antiviral agents (leaf), Dermatitis (leaf), Gastritis (leaf), Dysentery (root), Epilepsy (root), Leukorrhea (root), Asthma (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Cardiac (unspecified), Cathartic (unspecified), Deobstruent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Eruption (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hair-Tonic (unspecified), Heart (unspecified), Hematochezia (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Metrorrhagia (unspecified), Protisticide (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Spermatorrhea (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Taenifuge (unspecified), Tumor(Breast) (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wet-Dream (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Depressant (unspecified), Ejaculation (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Tapeworm (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antiprotozoal agents (unspecified), Cardiovascular system (unspecified), Central nervous system diseases (unspecified), Leukemia (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from seed or from suckers near the base of the tree. Male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. Seed need 8 weeks cold treatment to enable them to germinate well. Root cuttings can be used.
Mode cuttings seedlings suckers
Germination duration (days) 30 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 16 - 18
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) 14 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ailanthus altissima habit picture by Guy Simonot (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima habit picture by Joan Francesc (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima habit picture by Sánchez Garrido Joan Francesc (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ailanthus altissima leaf picture by Anne Lehmann (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima leaf picture by luciano1312 (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima leaf picture by axel (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ailanthus altissima flower picture by S D (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima flower picture by Thomas Bukur (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima flower picture by cecile Houlet (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ailanthus altissima fruit picture by POCH COMAS ANTONI (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima fruit picture by Frank Huebner (cc-by-sa)
Ailanthus altissima fruit picture by katia brakchi (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ailanthus altissima world distribution map, present in Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Algeria, Spain, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Italy, Japan, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Morocco, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Solomon Islands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813521-1
WFO ID wfo-0000524599
COL ID BCBF
BDTFX ID 2088
INPN ID 80824
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Ailanthus altissima f. erythrocarpa Ailanthus glandulosa f. erythocarpa Rhus cacodendron Toxicodendron altissimum Pongelion cacodendron Pongelion vilmorinianum Ailanthus giraldii Ailanthus procerus Albonia peregrina buc'hoz Choerospondias auriculata Ailanthus altissima Ailanthus cacodendron Ailanthus erythrocarpus Ailanthus esquirolii Ailanthus glandulosa Ailanthus japonicus Ailanthus japonicus Ailanthus peregrina (buc'hoz) Ailanthus pongelion Ailanthus rhodoptera Ailanthus rubra Ailanthus sinensis Ailanthus vilmorinianus Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa Ailanthus altissima var. leucoxyla Ailanthus altissima var. microphylla Ailanthus altissima var. ramosissima Ailanthus vilmoriniana var. henanensis Ailanthus glandulosa var. erythrocarpa Ailanthus giraldii var. duclouxii Ailanthus glandulosa var. spinosa Ailanthus altissima var. pendulifolia Ailanthus glandulosa var. pendulifolia Pongelion glandulosum Ailanthus altissima f. rubra Ailanthus glandulosa f. rubra Ailanthus altissima f. pendulifolia Ailanthus glandulosa f. pendulifolia Ailanthus altissima var. altissima

Lower taxons

Ailanthus altissima var. sutchuenensis Ailanthus altissima var. tanakae