Aleurites moluccanus Willd.

Candlenut (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Aleurites

Characteristics

A tree up to 15 m. tall, with spreading pendulous and ascending branches.. Young shoots scurfily fulvous to ferruginous stellate-pubescent.. Petiole 4–16(–22) cm. long, evenly scurfily or shortly stellate pubescent or puberulous; leaf-blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-trullate, entire or sometimes shallowly 3–5-lobed, (9–)12–25 cm. long, 6–15(–24) cm. wide, apex and lobes subacute to shortly acutely acuminate, cuneate or rounded or (if the leaves lobed) truncate or shallowly or moderately cordate, with 2 circular, sessile, shining contiguous glands adaxially at the base, 3–5(–7)-nerved from the base, densely fulvous to ferruginous stellate-pubescent above and beneath at first, later becoming almost or quite glabrous on both surfaces.. Stipules cylindric, 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex, stellate-pubescent, readily caducous leaving 2 small circular scars.. Inflorescences conical, up to 15 cm. long and wide, branching from the base; axes densely fulvous stellate-tomentellous; bracts 2–3 mm. long, acute, densely fulvous stellate-tomentellous.. Male flowers: pedicels slender, 5–7 mm. long, stellate-pubescent; buds ovoid, 2 mm. long, obtuse, the calyx rupturing to the base into 2 ± equal lobes, stellate-tomentose without, glabrous within; petals spathulate-oblanceolate, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtuse, glabrous except for a few hairs within at the base, yellowish white; disc-lobes somewhat convolute, thick; stamens 17–20, the filaments 1 mm. long, simply puberulous, the anthers 0.5 mm. long; receptacle simply puberulous.. Female flowers: pedicels 2–3 mm. long, 1.5–2 mm. thick, stellate-pubescent; buds ellipsoid, 5 mm. long, otherwise as in the ♂ flowers; petals linear-oblanceolate, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, otherwise as in the ♂ flowers; disc-glands small, rounded; ovary subglobose, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm. diameter, densely stellate-tomentose; styles  1 mm. long, glabrous.. Fruits fleshy, ovoid-subglobose or transversely ovoid with 4 low longitudinal ridges, 4–4.5 cm. long, 4–6 cm. diameter, evenly to sparingly stellate-pubescent.. Seeds broadly ovoid, 2.5–3 cm. long and wide, gibberulous, greyish, mottled brownish.. Fig. 34.
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A large tree up to 40 m tall and 1 m through at the base. The bark is rough. The leaves are large and can be round, triangular or have several lobes. The leaves have a pale colour. The leaves are alternate, silvery green and crowded near the tips. Young leaves are hairy and sometimes lobed. The leaves, leaf stalks and flowers are all covered with short soft hairs. There are 2 distinct brown glands where the leaf blade and stalk join. The flowers are small and white and in large groups on the ends of branches. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree. The female flowers are on the end surrounded by small male flowers. The fruit is a large (4 to 5 cm across) green 2 lobed berry with 1 or 2 large (2.5 cm across) seeds with a hard corrugated shell. They do not open naturally to release the seeds.
Large spreading tree to 30 m high. Indumentum silver. Leaf petioles 35–110 mm long; lamina entire or 3-or 5-lobed, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-trullate, 70–200 mm long, 40–130 mm wide, lower surface glabrous or with scattered silver stellate hairs when young. Flowers 5–8 mm long; petals oblanceolate to spathulate. Male flowers: pedicels 5.5–8 mm long; stamens 18–26; filaments 0.8–1.5 mm long, with sparse stellate hairs. Female flowers: pedicels 2–3.5 mm long; ovaries 1-or 2-locular; styles 0.5–2 mm long. Fruit ovoid-subglobose, 40–45 mm long, 40–60 mm diam., 1-or 2-seeded. Seeds broadly ovoid, 23–32 mm long, 20–32 mm diam.
Leaf blades 7–24 × 4–20 cm, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-trullate, entire or up to 5-lobed, apex and lobes subacute to acutely acuminate, entire or shallowly repand-dentate on the margins, cuneate to truncate or shallowly cordate at the base, with 2 discoid, sessile, contiguous, shiny glands adaxially at the base, 3–5(7)-nerved from the base, densely cinereous-, fulvous-or ferrugineous-stellate-tomentose on both surfaces at first, later glabrescent.
Male flowers: pedicels 7–10 mm long, slender; buds 2 mm long, ovoid; calyx lobes 3–3.5 × 2–3 mm, ovate, acute, stellate-tomentose without, glabrous within; petals 6–8 × 2 mm, narrowly oblong-spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, yellowish-white; disk glands 0.5 × 0.5 mm, shallowly 3-lobed, flattened, whitish; staminal column 4 mm high, filaments c. 1 mm long, green, puberulous with simple hairs, anthers 0.5 mm long and wide, yellowish; receptacle puberulous.
Female flowers: pedicels 3–4.5 mm long, stout, dilated upwards; buds 4 mm long, conical; petals 1.5 mm wide, otherwise as in male flowers; disk c. 2 mm across, flattened; ovary c. 1.5 × 2 mm, subglobose, densely appressed-stellate-tomentose; styles c. 1 mm long, glabrous except at the base without.
Fruit 4 × 4–5.5 cm, ovoid-subglobose or transversely-ovoid, shallowly 2-lobed and with 4 low longitudinal ridges, evenly to sparingly appressed-or scurfily stellate-pubescent, green.
Young shoots, petioles and inflorescence axes densely scurfily fulvous to ferrugineous stellate-tomentose.
Seeds 2.5 × 2.75 × 2.25 cm, broadly ovoid, shallowly rugulose, brown mottled cream-coloured or whitish.
Inflorescences 10–16 × 10–14 cm, broadly conical, branching from the base; bracts 2–3 mm long.
A tree up to 10 m tall with a rounded crown.
Stipules minute, subulate.
Petioles 6–22 cm long.
Bark smooth, grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 1.1
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical tree. It mostly grows in the lowland rainforest but can be at up to 2000 m altitude. It suits drier climates but can grow in humid conditions. It does well on well drained sandy soil. It must have a temperature above 8°C. In the Pacific it usually grows between 0-700 m altitude in areas with a rainfall of 600-4,300 mm per year. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
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Rain forest, monsoon forest, or tall advanced secondary forest; growing on mountain slopes, very abundant on ridges, sometimes in sandy soil among granite boulders, loam soil or on former shifting cultivation lands, at elevations below 300 metres.
Grows in semi-deciduous to evergreen notophyll or mesophyll vineforest, on a variety of substrates, but often on alluvium or near the sea.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The nuts are normally roasted. The hard, oily nut is used for thickening in Asian dishes. They are used in a sauce for the greens eaten with rice. CAUTION The nuts contain a moderately poisonous substance so should be cooked before eating. The raw kernels of candle nut are poisonous. They are a strong purgative. Before eating they must be well cooked. Mostly the nuts are roasted in the fire until the shell is blackened and half burnt, then the kernels are taken out by cracking the shells. The nuts should probably only be eaten in moderate amounts. Because the kernels are high in oil, they can be burnt as candles. An edible oil can be extracted from the nuts.
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The nut and oil have various uses, see e.g. Du Puy & Telford (1993: 266).
Uses afforestation animal food dye environmental use food fuel gene source gum invertebrate food material medicinal oil ornamental poison social use tea wood
Edible fruits leaves nuts seeds
Therapeutic use Antineoplastic agents (bark), Asthma (bark), Inflammation (bark), Laxatives (bark), Neoplasms (bark), Ulcer (bark), Unconsciousness (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Asthma (flower), Inflammation (flower), Laxatives (flower), Neoplasms (flower), Ulcer (flower), Wounds and injuries (flower), Abdominal pain (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Antirheumatic agents (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Asthma (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Expectorants (fruit), Flatulence (fruit), Heart diseases (fruit), Hematologic diseases (fruit), Hemorrhoids (fruit), Inflammation (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Rabies (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Ulcer (fruit), Wounds and injuries (fruit), Wounds and injuries (root), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Cathartics (seed), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Pectoralis muscles (unspecified), Rabies (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

The trees grow wild but are transplanted. Often candle nut trees are just self sown, growing in the bush where the seeds fell. These small trees can be transplanted to a more suitable place if needed. Seeds are very hard shelled. To get seeds to start growing more quickly, the seed coat needs to be cracked. To do this a single layer of seeds are put on the ground covered with dry grass then burnt. Immediately after burning while the seeds are still hot they are thrown into cold water, and then planted. This cracks the shells allowing more rapid germination. Without this it may take many months for this hard shell to break down and germination to commence. Trees can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Aleurites moluccanus habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Aleurites moluccanus leaf picture by mariana tomas-savage (cc-by-sa)
Aleurites moluccanus leaf picture by Terri Quinters (cc-by-sa)
Aleurites moluccanus leaf picture by Kai K (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Aleurites moluccanus fruit picture by Kerry Bayles (cc-by-sa)
Aleurites moluccanus fruit picture by Folkard Asch (cc-by-sa)
Aleurites moluccanus fruit picture by Michael Finch (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Aleurites moluccanus world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Brazil, Cook Islands, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Fiji, Haiti, Indonesia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Myanmar, Mozambique, Pakistan, Pitcairn, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Rwanda, eSwatini, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Aleurites moluccanus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:338514-1
WFO ID wfo-0000940858
COL ID BPW8
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447118
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Mallotus moluccanus Ricinus dicoccus Jatropha moluccana Camirium cordifolium Rottlera moluccana Aleurites ambinux Aleurites cordifolius Aleurites javanicus Aleurites lanceolatus Aleurites lobatus Aleurites moluccanus Aleurites remyi Aleurites trilobus Dryandra oleifera Camerium moluccanum Telopea perspicua Aleurites angustifolius Aleurites angustifolius Aleurites integrifolius Aleurites integrifolius Aleurites pentaphyllus Aleurites lanceolata Aleurites lobata Juglans camirium Camirium oleosum Aleurites moluccanus var. alaunii Aleurites moluccanus var. floccosus Aleurites moluccanus var. katoi Aleurites moluccanus var. remyi Aleurites moluccanus var. serotinus Aleurites commutatus Manihot moluccana Camirium oleosum