Allium fistulosum L.

Welsh onion (en), Ciboule commune (fr), Ail fistuleux (fr), Ciboule (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Asparagales > Amaryllidaceae > Allium

Characteristics

Bulbs 2–12+, borne on short rhizome, cylindric, 2–5 × 1–2.5 cm; outer coats enclosing 1 or more bulbs, white to light brown, membranous, without reticulation; inner coats white, cells obscure, quadrate. Leaves persistent, 2–6, sheathing lower 1/4–1/3 of scape; blade terete, fistulose, 10–40 cm × 10–25 mm. Scape persistent, solitary, erect, fistulose, inflated in middle, tapering to umbel, (12–)15–70 cm × 8–25 mm. Umbel persistent, erect, compact, 50–100-flowered, globose to ovoid, bulbils unknown; spathe bracts persistent, 1–2, 1–3-veined, ovate, ± equal, apex acute. Flowers narrowly campanulate to urceolate, 6–9 mm; tepals erect, yellowish white, withering in fruit, margins entire, apex acute, outer lanceolate, inner narrowly ovate, unequal; stamens long-exserted; anthers white to yellow; pollen white; ovary crestless; style linear, equaling stamens; stigma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed; pedicel 10–30 mm. Seed coat shining; cells 4–6-angled, ± rectangular.
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Bulb solitary or clustered, cylindric, rarely ovoid-cylindric, 1--2(--4.5) cm in diam.; tunic white, rarely pale red-brown, membranous to thinly leathery, entire. Leaves subequaling scape, 0.5--1.5 cm wide. Scape 30--50(--100) cm, terete, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, many flowered. Pedicels subequal, slender, 1--3 × as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments ovate, 6--8.5 × 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate, with a reflexed point; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments equal, 1.5--2 × as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary obovoid, with inconspicuous nectaries at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. Apr--Aug. 2 n = 16*.
An onion family plant. A bulb plant but the bulb is indistinct. It grows to 60 cm high and 20 cm wide. The roots are side roots and fibrous. They grow in large clumps. The leaves are rounded in cross section and hollow. They grow to 15-30 cm long by 5-20 mm wide. The bulbs are very small and 4-8 cm long but only 5-25 mm across. The plant produces many side buds which develop as offshoots. Flowers grow on a stalk which comes from underground and there are many flowers on stalks around one head. This hollow stalk is 40-80 cm long. The flowers are yellow and they open from the top of the flower head downwards. There can sometimes be bulbils on the flower head.
Bulb indistinct, oblong to ovoid, 3.5-8 cm long, width 5-25 mm, gradually passing into the leaves. Increase bulbs few to several, narrow and inconspicuous. Protective bulbcoat-leaves several, papery, smooth, brownish, whitish, or purplish. Foliage leaves 4-6, erect, terete, fistulose, 20-54 cm by 5-20 mm. Inflorescence (hemi)spherical. Flowers narrowly campanulate to urceolate; tepals pale yellow; stamens longly exceeding tepals.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.2
Mature height (meter) 0.35 - 0.5
Root system fibrous-root rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A temperate plant. It prefers a sunny position and a light well drained soil. It prefers a pH in the range 6.5 to 7.5, but it tolerates a pH in the range 4.9 to 7.5. A hardy plant which produces leaves throughout the winter. They are also tolerant of high temperatures and can grow in the tropics. Plants yield better when grown above 1,000 m in the tropics. In PNG it has been recorded from sea level to 2,800 m above sea level. Temperatures above 25°C give less production. It suits hardiness zones 5-9. In Yunnan.
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The plant has been cultivated for over 1,000 years, and is not known in the wild.
Cultivated for over 1,000 years, it is not known in the wild.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

The bulbs are eaten raw or cooked. The leaves are eaten raw or cooked. The flowers are used raw to flavour salads.
Uses animal food environmental use food gene source material medicinal
Edible bulbs flowers leaves stems
Therapeutic use Headache (unspecified), Cancer(Uterus) (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified)
Human toxicity skin-irritating (bulb)
Animal toxicity toxic (bulb)

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed or division of the bulbs. Bulbs should be planted fairly deeply. These multiply producing more bulbs. Seeds are transplanted when 10 cm high. A spacing of 7-10 cm is suitable. In China soil is heaped up around the bulb to make it elongated. Seed production in the tropics is possible above about 1,000 m above sea level.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 365
Germination temperacture (C°) 17 - 21
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -29
Optimum temperature (C°) 12 - 25
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Allium fistulosum habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Allium fistulosum habit picture by Sylvie Sylvie Lenoir (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Allium fistulosum leaf picture by Patrick Haemmerlin (cc-by-sa)
Allium fistulosum leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Allium fistulosum leaf picture by P. Jorand (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Allium fistulosum flower picture by ha einfach.ma (cc-by-sa)
Allium fistulosum flower picture by Florian Cassayre (cc-by-sa)
Allium fistulosum flower picture by J Lyle (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Allium fistulosum fruit picture by Dominik Stoecklin (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Allium fistulosum world distribution map, present in Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea (Republic of), Liberia, Norway, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Russian Federation, Solomon Islands, Seychelles, Taiwan, Province of China, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528046-1
WFO ID wfo-0000756246
COL ID 65XC2
BDTFX ID 3009
INPN ID 81373
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Cepa ventricosa Phyllodolon fistulosum Allium bouddae Allium globosum Allium kashgaricum Allium moly Allium ochroleucum Allium rupestre Allium savranicum Allium saxatile Allium stevenii Allium tauricum Allium tauricum Cepa fissilis Cepa fistulosa Porrum fistulosum Allium paniculatum Kepa fistulosa Allium moschatum Allium tenuifolium Allium fistulosum var. caespitosum Allium fistulosum var. giganteum Schoenissa caucasea Allium fistulosum