Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.

European alder (en), Aulne glutineux (fr), Verne (fr), Vergne (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fagales > Betulaceae > Alnus

Characteristics

Trees , to 20 m; trunks often several, crowns narrow. Bark dark brown, smooth, becoming darker and breaking into shallow fissures in age; lenticels pale, horizontal. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid to obovoid, 6--10 mm, apex obtuse; stalks 2--5 mm; scales 2--3, outer 2 equal, valvate, usually heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade obovate to nearly orbiculate, 3--9 × 3--8 cm, leathery, base obtuse to broadly cuneate, margins flat, coarsely and often irregularly doubly serrate to nearly dentate, major teeth acute to obtuse or rounded, apex often retuse or obcordate, or occasionally rounded; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, often more heavily on veins, both surfaces heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2--5, 4--13 cm; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2--5. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid to nearly globose, 1.2--2.5 × 1--1.5 cm; peduncles 1--10(--20) mm. Samaras obovate, wings reduced to narrow, thickened ridges. 2 n = 28.
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Tree to c. 15 m high (to c. 20 m in cultivation). Bark dark brown, strongly fissured. Young shoots glabrous but glandular-viscid. Winter buds short-stalked, purplish. Petiole 7-15 mm long, often purplish. Lamina 4-10 × 2.5-10 cm (to 14 × 13 cm on vigorous vegetative shoots), broadly oblong to obovate, plicate in bud, hairy on veins beneath at first, soon glabrous except for tufts of axillary hairs, serrulate to coarsely serrate, lobulate on basal vegetative shoots; veins in 6-7 pairs, prominently raised beneath; base usually cuneate; apex rounded to retuse. Buds stipitate, not enclosing ♀ catkins in winter. ♂ catkins 3-8 together behind shoot apices, 2.5-7 cm long (to 12 cm in cultivation), cylindric, opening in spring before lvs; peduncles to c. 5 cm long; bracts peltate, purplish; anthers yellow. ♀ catkins 3-7 together behind shoot apices, c. 5 mm long, glandular. Cone (1)-1.3-1.7-(2) cm long, ellipsoid; scales becoming horizontal after dehiscence and persistent on tree. Nutlet c. 3 mm long, broadly ovoid; wing narrower than nut.
Tree, with young parts very glutinous; lvs broadly oval to obovate or subrotund, broadly rounded above or retuse, broadly cuneate to rounded at base, finely serrate, with 5–8 principal veins on a side; fruiting catkins very glutinous, evidently pedunculate in axillary infls, 1.5–2.5 cm, 10–13 mm thick; frs elliptic or suborbicular, 2.5–3.5 mm, narrowly bordered; 2n=28. Native of Eurasia and n. Afr., planted especially along roadsides and occasionally escaped in our range. (A. alnus; A. vulgaris)
Tree, 20-30 m high; young growth glutinous; monoecious. Leaves petiolate; blade elliptic to broadly ovate, 60-120 mm long, apex truncate, base cuneate, margins shallowly toothed, sticky when young, later glossy green; petiole up to 50 mm long. Flowers: male catkins 50-100 mm long, pendulous, reddish; female catkins 200 mm long, dark brown to black; Nov.-May. Fruit cone-like with 5-lobed scales, persistent; nutlets winged.
Pending.
A tree.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination anemogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 3.25 - 5.25
Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 20.0
Root system adventitious-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.4
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Beside streams, near lakes (often at edges) and damp ground, in disturbed landscapes and woodland; tolerant of water logged conditions.
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Wet ground in woods, near lakes and along the sides of streams, often formng pure woods n succession to marsh or fen.
It is a temperate plant.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity 2-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 3-6

Usage

Cultivated as an ornamental tree, including a number of cultivars (e.g. see Rodd 1996: 80–81; Spencer 2002: 167–168). Also used for its timber.
Uses charcoal dye environmental use fiber food fuel material medicinal ornamental timber wood
Edible -
Therapeutic use Panacea (bark), Alterative (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Detersive (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Foot (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -40
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Alnus glutinosa habit picture by Sagar Jota (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa habit picture by Vinc Lucc (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa habit picture by yisus (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Alnus glutinosa leaf picture by maik breitenstein (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa leaf picture by franco (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa leaf picture by etienne2c (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Alnus glutinosa flower picture by Denis Alkan (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa flower picture by Peter Saunt (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa flower picture by Peter den Hollander (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Alnus glutinosa fruit picture by etienne2c (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa fruit picture by Kurt Zimmermann (cc-by-sa)
Alnus glutinosa fruit picture by alechi (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Alnus glutinosa world distribution map, present in Albania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Finland, France, Micronesia (Federated States of), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Libya, Morocco, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tunisia, Ukraine, United States of America, and South Africa

Conservation status

Alnus glutinosa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30036759-2
WFO ID wfo-0000945215
COL ID C2Q2
BDTFX ID 3318
INPN ID 81569
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Alnus glutinosa f. cuneata Alnus glutinosa f. subimberbis Alnus glutinosa f. subserrata Alnus glutinosa f. tenuifolia Alnus glutinosa f. puberula Alnus glutinosa f. bosniaca Alnus glutinosa f. sublobata Alnus glutinosa f. imberbis Alnus glutinosa f. dubia Alnus glutinosa f. pilosa Alnus glutinosa f. rubrinervia Betula laciniata Alnus dubia Alnus februaria Alnus glutinosa Alnus suaveolens Alnus vulgaris Alnus glutinosa f. laciniata Alnus glutinosa f. incisa Alnus sorbifolia Alnus aurea Alnus emarginata Alnus glutinosa f. aurea Alnus glutinosa f. lobulata Alnus glutinosa f. longipediculata Alnus glutinosa f. macrocarpa Alnus glutinosa f. maculata Alnus glutinosa f. microcarpa Alnus glutinosa f. pyramidalis Alnus glutinosa f. sorbifolia Alnus glutinosa f. subpilosa Alnus macrocarpa Alnus nigra Betula emarginata Betula glutinosa Alnus glutinosa f. quercifolia Betula alnus var. glutinosa Alnus februaria var. oxyacanthifolia Alnus februaria var. quercifolia Alnus februaria var. incisa Alnus februaria var. pinnatifida Alnus glutinosa var. bosniaca Alnus glutinosa var. sublobata Alnus glutinosa var. subserrata Alnus glutinosa var. imberbis Alnus glutinosa var. emarginata Betula alnus var. laciniata Alnus februaria var. maculata Alnus glutinosa var. incisa Alnus glutinosa var. laciniata Alnus glutinosa var. microphylla Alnus glutinosa var. oxyacanthifolia Alnus glutinosa var. pinnatifida Alnus glutinosa var. quercifolia Alnus glutinosa var. subrotunda Alnus glutinosa var. tenuifolia Alnus glutinosa f. glabra Alnus glutinosa f. imperialis Alnus glutinosa f. parvifolia Alnus glutinosa f. quercifolia Alnus imperialis

Lower taxons

Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata Alnus glutinosa var. incisa Alnus glutinosa var. laciniata Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa Alnus glutinosa subsp. betuloides