Ardisia crenata Sims

Christmas berry (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Primulaceae > Ardisia

Characteristics

Shrubs 1-1.5(-3) m tall, without creeping rhizomes, minutely reddish glandular papillate on branchlets, abaxial leaf surface, and inflorescence rachis, early glabrescent. Branchlets terete, 3-4 mm in diam. Petiole narrowly marginate, 6-10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 7-15 × 2-4 cm, leathery or papery, prominently punctate, base cuneate, margin subrevolute, crenate, or undulate, with large vascularized marginal nodules, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 12-18 on each side of midrib, marginal vein often hidden by reflexed margin. Inflorescences terminal, umbellate or cymose, on specialized, 2-or 3-leaved lateral branches 4-16(-40) cm. Flowers membranous, white or rarely pinkish, 4-6 mm. Pedicel 7-10 cm. Sepals oblong-ovate, 1-1.5(-2.5) mm, glabrous, punctate, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Petals nearly free, ovate, punctate, glandular papillose adaxially near base, apex acute. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments nearly obsolete; anthers triangular-lanceolate, punctate dorsally, longitudinally dehiscent, acute. Pistil subequalling petals; ovary glabrous, punctate; ovules ca. 5, uniseriate. Fruit red, globose, 6-8 mm in diam., punctate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec.
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Shrubs, not stoloniferous, 1-1.5(-3) m; branchlets minute-ly reddish glandular-papillate. Leaves: petiole 6-10 mm, glabrous; blade elliptic, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 7-15 × 2-4 cm, margins crenulate or undulate, subrev-olute, (bearing large vascularized nodules), apex acute or acuminate, surfaces minutely reddish glandular-papillate. Inflorescences terminal, on specialized, 2-or 3-leaved lateral branches, umbels or cymes, 5-18+-flowered. Pedicels sometimes erect, 7-10 cm, minutely reddish glandular-papillate. Flowers: sepals (4-)5(-6), oblong-ovate, 1-1.5(-2.5) mm, margins entire, apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous; petals (4-)5(-6), white or rarely pinkish, ovate, 4-6 mm, margins entire, apex acute, punctate, glandular-papillose adaxially near base; stamens shorter than petals; anthers triangular-lanceolate, apex acute, punctate abaxially; ovary glabrous; ovules ca. 5, uniseriate. Drupes red, 6-8 mm diam., punctate.
Shrub 1–3 m high. Leaves spirally arranged; petiole (3–) 6–10 mm long; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate, rarely ovate, 5–20 cm long, (1.5–) 2–4 cm wide, coriaceous, margin crenate, undulate and revolute, nodules or secretory trichomes prominent in the sinuses, glands globular and lineate, orange to black. Inflorescence umbelliform, to 4 cm long and 10 cm wide, 6–14 flowers per umbellate cluster; pedicels 6–10 mm long, glands both dark lineate and globular, chiefly orange-coloured. Flowers 5-merous, 6–7 mm long; calyx to 2 mm long, lobes to 1.5 mm wide; corolla rotate, white, tube c. 0.2 mm, lobes to 6 mm long, c. 4 mm wide; stamens with anthers to 3 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, dehiscence initially by small apical pores then longitudinal; ovary conical, c. 1 × 1 mm; style c. 2 mm long; ovules uniseriate, 3–5. Fruit globular, (5–) 6–8 mm diam., red. Seed depressed-globular, c. 5 × 5–6 mm.
An evergreen shrub. It grows 1 m high and spreads 1 m wide. The stems are erect and branching. The leaves are shiny green. They have wavy edges. The leaves are arranged in rings around the stem. The flowers are white or pink. They have a scent. The fruit are bright red berries.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 1.25 - 1.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It is best in a rich, moist well-drained soil. It needs a partly shaded position. It is damaged by frost and drought. In China it grows between 100-2,400 m above sea level. Tropical Fruit World. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Woods in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests, hillsides, valleys, shrubby areas, dark damp places at elevations of 100-2,400 metres. Secondary forests and open vegetations, often in villages and on seashores.
Woods in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests, hillsides, valleys, shrubby areas, dark damp places at elevations of 100-2,400 metres. Secondary forests and open vegetations, often in villages and on seashores.
Naturalised chiefly in urban localities as well as along margins of rainforest and in wet sclerophyll forest in moist shady sites. It is invasive in some areas along rainforest margins.
Light 3-5
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 1-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-9

Usage

Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental and indoor pot plant. Several cultivars have been developed with fruit of various colours, e.g. Ardisia crenata 'Alba' with white mature fruit, and Ardisia crenata 'Pink Pearls' with bright pink mature fruit (Queensland Government 2016). For medicinal uses of Ardisia crenata see Fern (2014 onwards), Lim (2012) and references therein.
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The leaves and fruit are cooked as a vegetable.
Uses environmental use food medicinal ornamental
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Ache(Back) (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Sore(Throat) (unspecified), Thigh (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Bite(Dog) (unspecified), Trauma (unspecified), Wound (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by seed or cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 90 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 23
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ardisia crenata habit picture by doumé (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata habit picture by Tim Rutland (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata habit picture by Eli Small (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ardisia crenata leaf picture by Matthew Chand (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata leaf picture by sonia michalon (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata leaf picture by Nicolas Brel (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ardisia crenata flower picture by Matthieu Libeer (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata flower picture by Kenneth Parker (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata flower picture by jim Seychelles (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ardisia crenata fruit picture by camille naya (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata fruit picture by Yves Martin (cc-by-sa)
Ardisia crenata fruit picture by Jacky Chan (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ardisia crenata world distribution map, present in Australia, China, Thailand, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:586890-1
WFO ID wfo-0000544135
COL ID GCXR
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629098
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Bladhia lentiginosa f. hortensis Ardisia konishii Ardisia labordei Ardisia linangensis Ardisia mouretii Bladhia crenata Bladhia elegans Bladhia kusukusensis Ardisia bicolor Ardisia densa Ardisia lentiginosa Bladhia punctata Ardisia miaoliensis Ardisia crenulata Tinus densa Ardisia crenata f. hortensis Ardisia crenata f. xanthocarpa Ardisia glandulosa Ardisia kusukusensis Bladhia lentiginosa Ardisia crenata var. bicolor Ardisia crenata subsp. mouretii Ardisia crispa var. taquetii Bladhia crenata var. taquetii Bladhia lentiginosa var. lanceolata Bladhia lentiginosa var. taquetii Ardisia lentiginosa var. rectangularis Ardisia crenata f. taguetii Ardisia crenata var. crenata Bladhia crispa var. taquetii Ardisia elegans Ardisia crenata

Lower taxons

Ardisia crenata subsp. crassinervosa