Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M.Jacobs

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Azadirachta

Characteristics

Tree to 50 m; bole to 120 cm diam., regularly cylindric or rarely slightly buttressed over major roots. Bark smooth, pinkish grey or pinkish brown, in large trees becoming longitudinally fissured and scaling, the flakes oblong, greyish, breaking off at upper end and curling up from both ends before shedding, the bole appearing pale brownish or greyish buff and shaggy, sapwood white; heartwood light red. Crown rounded but rather open and uneven, deciduous for up to 3 months a year (Ng), the major branches ascending. Leafy twigs c. 8–12 mm diam., the pith pinkish but odourless or weakly onion scented. Young shoots puberulous, soon glabrous. Leaves 20–60(–90) cm, 7–11-jugate, pari-(or impari-)pinnate, tufted at ends of twigs; petiole 5–8 cm, ± terete, swol-len it base; leaflets 4–12.5 by 2–3.5 cm, the largest near the middle, lanceolate-elliptic, asymmetric, ± falcate, glabrous, pink when young, yellow when withering, bases un-equal, apices subacute to subacuminate, margin entire, costae c. 6–11 on each side, arcuate, tertiary venation laxly reticulate; petiolules c. 2 mm. Thyrses 20–45 cm, axillary; erect, sweetly scented; axes puberulous, green with 3 or 4 orders of branching, main proximal branches to 8 cm; bracts c. 1 mm long, narrowly triangular, adpressed; pedicels 1–3 mm, articulated with pseudopedicel of same length. Calyx c. 1 mm diam., puberulous without; lobes c. 1 mm long, rounded to subacute, pale green, margins ciliolate. Petals 5–6.5 by 1.5–2.2 mm, oblong-spathulate, puberulous without, pale creamy white. Staminal tube c. 2–2.5 mm diam., glabrous without, sparsely hairy distally within, white or greenish, 10-ribbed, each rib terminating in a subbifid lobe; anthers (8–)10, c. 0.8 mm long, sessile, slightly exserted. Drupe 2.4–3.2 by 1.3–1.6 cm, ellipsoid, glabrous, green turning yellow at maturity; pericarp leathery; mesocarp softly edible, with some white latex. Seed smelling of garlic when damaged.
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A tree. It grows to 50 m high. The trunk is 1.2 m across. The bark is smooth. It is cracked and scaly in large trees. The crown is rounded. The leaves fall off. The leaves are 20-60 or more cm long. There are 7-11 pairs of leaflets. The leaves are condensed at the ends of twigs. The leaflets are 4-12.5 cm long by 2-3.5 cm wide. They are largest near the middle. The edges of the leaves do not have teeth. The flowering cluster is 20-45 cm long. They are in the axils of leaves. They are erect. The flowers have a sweet smell. The petals are pale cream or white. The fruit is 2.4-32. cm long by 1.3-1.6 cm wide. They turn yellow at maturity. The seeds smell of garlic when crushed.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.2
Mature height (meter) 50.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows between sea level and 350 m above sea level. It grows in areas with an average annual rainfall of 1,600-3,000 mm. It grows in areas with an average temperature of 21-34°C. It can grow on a range of soils.
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A plant of lowland monsoon forests, usually occurring in old clearings or secondary forest, but also found in primary dipterocarp forest up to elevations of 350 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
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Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

UsesIn the Malay Peninsula the timber is used in house-building and the young shoots are eaten as a vegetable (Corner, ll.cc.). It coppices. The seeds yield azadirach-tin (see A. indica) and the more effective insect antifeedant, marrangin [ Ermel et al. J. Appi Entom. 112 1991 512 ].
Uses animal food environmental use food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal oil social use timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves shoots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
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Optimum temperature (C°) -
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Productivity -

Distribution

Azadirachta excelsa world distribution map, present in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Azadirachta excelsa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:577602-1
WFO ID wfo-0000557667
COL ID K57B
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Azedarach excelsa Azadirachta excelsa Azadirachta integrifoliola Melia excelsa Trichilia excelsa Azadirachta integrifolia