Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Lecythidaceae > Barringtonia

Characteristics

Shrubs or small to medium sized trees, 2-20 m tall. Leaves clustered at apex of branches; petiole 0.25-1.5 cm, slightly winged, not swollen at base; lamina obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, 14-42 by 4-16 cm, papyraceous, base cuneate, margin serrate-crenulate, flat, apex acute to acuminate at apex, the acumen 5-20 mm long, lower surface glabrous; midrib prominulous above, prominent beneath, primary veins 10-20 pairs, brochidodromous, merging by network of veins 2-5 mm from margin, impressed above, prominent beneath, intercostal veins prominulous on both surfaces, finely reticulate. Cataphylls triangular, 5-11 by 2-8 mm. Inflorescences terminal or ramiflorous racemes or spikes, pendulous, 20-100 cm long; rachis to 3 mm diam., glabrous or pulverulent; bracts triangular, 5-6 by 1.5-2 mm; bracteoles triangular, 1.5-2 by c. 0.5 mm, acute. Calyx closed in bud, apex rounded, rupturing into 2-5 unequal lobes, not circumscissile. Flowers sessile or with pedicels 3-16 mm long, latter not articulate; hypanthium funnel-shaped, not grooved or winged, 4-12 mm long, glabrous; petals white, sometimes tinged pink; stamens white, pink, purple or red, staminal whorls 5-6, the inner one staminodal, staminal tube 3.5-6 mm high, staminodia 1-2 cm; disc a thick grooved ring; ovary (2-)3-4-locular, 2-3 ovules per locule; style 3-5.5 cm long. Fruits ovoid, subtetragonous, truncate, tapering at base, slightly winged when young, 5-9 by 2-5.5 by 2-5.5 cm. Seeds ovoid, 2-4 by 1-2.5 cm, subtetragonous, tapering towards apex.
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Tree 2–12(–27) m. tall, with grey and yellow, greyish or yellowish-brown smooth or fissured bark, sometimes with pneumatophores as in mangroves; bark on young branches very tough; leaf-scars conspicuous; crown with spreading branches.. Leaves shortly petiolate; blades obovate-oblong, or usually elliptic, to elongate-oblanceolate, (5–)15–36(–42) cm. long, (2–)6–14(–16) cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, often rounded at the extreme base, glabrous, crenulate; petiole 0.25–1.5 cm. long.. Flowers many in pendulous racemes 20–70(–100) cm. long; pedicels 0.3–1.6(–2.5) cm. long.. Calyx green, mostly flushed pink or deep purple, splitting into (2–)3–4(–5) lobes, 0.75–1.5 cm. long, 0.5–1.25 cm. wide.. Petals white, often tinged pink outside, elliptic, 1.2–3 cm. long, 0.5–1.5 cm. wide, adnate to the staminal tube.. Stamens white or pinkish tinged, numerous, in several rows, 2.2–3.7(–5) cm. long.. Ovary ± globular, (2–)3–4(–6, fide Kirk)-locular; ovules 2–3 in each locule; style red, (2–)3–6.2 cm. long.. Fruit ± ellipsoid or conic, round in section or sometimes distinctly angular, 3–7(–9) cm. long, 2–4(–5.5) cm. wide, scarcely glossy, mostly dull and rather rough; endocarp fleshy-fibrous.. Seed ovoid or subtetragonous, 2–4 cm. long, 1–2.5 cm. wide.. Fig. 1/1–7.
Shrub or tree to 30 m high, evergreen or briefly deciduous. Bark smooth or fissured. Leaves: lamina obovate-oblong to obovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 10–42 (–47) cm long, 4–16 (–19) cm wide, cuneate at base, serrate-crenulate margin, acute or acuminate at apex, glabrous; petiole 2–15 mm long, narrowly winged. Racemes usually terminal, pendulous, many-flowered; pedicels up to 25 mm long; bracts triangular, 5–6 mm long; bracteoles triangular, 1.5–2 mm long. Bud 6–9 mm long. Calyx rupturing into 2–5 almost equal elliptic lobes 7–15 mm long and tube 2–5 mm long. Petals 4 (or 5), elliptic, 15–25 mm long, white or cream, or tinged red or yellow. Stamens numerous, in 5 or 6 whorls, the innermost sterile; tube 3.5–6 mm long; filaments 22–40 mm long, white or pink below; staminodes 10–13 mm long. Ovary 2–4-locular, 1.5–3.5 mm long; ovules 2 or 3 per locule; style 2–5.5 cm long. Fruit ovoid, tetragonous, 4.5–9 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, green to brown; pericarp fibrous but somewhat fleshy. Seed 1, ovoid, 2–4 cm long.
Shrubs or trees to 27 m tall. Branches pendulous, gray-brown; bark smooth or fissured. Leaves petiolate; petiole 2-15 mm, winged; leaf blade obovate-oblong, 20-35 × 6-14 cm, base cuneate, margin serrate-crenulate, apex acute or acumi-nate. Racemes usually terminal or in axils of fallen leaves, pendulous, many flowered; bracts triangular, 5-6 mm; bracteoles triangular, 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel to 2.5 cm. Flowers 6-9 mm. Calyx 2-4-lobed, 10-12 cm at anthesis; tube ca. 2.5 mm. Petals 4, green or tinged red or yellow, oblong, 1-1.3 × 0.5-0.8 cm. Stamens in 5 or 6 whorls, innermost sterile; tube 3.5-6 mm; filaments red, proximally white or pink, 3-3.5 cm; staminodes 10-13 mm. Ovary 2-4-loculed, 1.5-3.5 mm; ovules 2 or 3 per locule; style 4-6 cm. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, 4-angled, 5-9 × 3-4 cm; pericarp fibrous but somewhat fleshy. Seed ovoid, 2-4 cm. Fl. and fr. almost year-round. 2n = 52.
A small evergreen tree or shrub reaching a height of 10-16 m. It spreads to 5 m across. The stem is erect and branching. The tree has a rounded crown. The leaves are crowded at the ends of the branches. They are dark green and 25 cm long by 2-3 cm wide. Leaves can be twice this size. They are pointed at both ends and with toothed edges. The branches are marked with leaf scars. The flowers are white or pink and about 2 cm across. They occur in hanging stalks with individual flowers along the stalk. These stalks can be 25 cm long. The fruit hang along these stalks. The fruit is oblong to oval and somewhat 4 angled. Fruit can be 8 cm long and 2-5 cm wide. They are oval and irregular. They are green or purple. They contain only one seed.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 5.0
Mature height (meter) 16.0 - 23.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) 0.5
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It prefers well-drained, moist, humus rich soil. It can grow in a sheltered, partly shaded position. It is drought tender and very frost tender. Found throughout the Philippines in areas of shrub near the seashore and open lowlands up to 320 m altitude. It grows in coastal swamps and along stream banks. It can resist strong sea breezes. It is salt tolerant. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
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Grows in rainforest, around swamps, creek edges and in tidal areas behind mangroves. On Christmas Island, one of the largest forest trees, forming about 17% of the primary forest canopy; it is most common above c. 150 m alt., but occurs down to the shore terrace on the southeastern side of the island (Du Puy & Telford 1993).
Tropical rainforest areas, open lowlands and thickets, always occurring near water: along riverbanks and in freshwater swamps, and occasionally in the less saline areas of mangrove swamps, where it may develop pneumatophores.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

The seeds and young leaves are eaten. The seeds are pounded and starch extracted. The leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. They are first soaked in lime water. Caution: The fruit are used to poison wild pigs.
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Barringtonia racemosa features on a Christmas Island $1.20 postage stamp for Christmas 1990.
Uses construction dye environmental use fiber food fuel gene source material medicinal oil ornamental poison timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Insecticides (bark), Asthma (fruit), Cough (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Migraine disorders (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Antipyretics (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Fever (root), Cooling effect on body (root), Deobstruent (root), Abortifacient agents (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Colic (seed), Endophthalmitis (seed), Jaundice (seed), Vomiting (seed), Insecticide (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Endophthalmitis (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seed need to be sown fresh. It can be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 28 - 160
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Flower

Barringtonia racemosa flower picture by suzuki shoko (cc-by-sa)
Barringtonia racemosa flower picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Barringtonia racemosa world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Comoros, Fiji, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Myanmar, Mozambique, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Solomon Islands, Seychelles, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Vanuatu, Samoa, and South Africa

Conservation status

Barringtonia racemosa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:155081-3
WFO ID wfo-0000774962
COL ID 5WDV5
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 807209
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Michelia rosata Megadendron pallidum Megadendron ambiguum Michelia racemosa Stravadium racemosum Barringtonia pallida Barringtonia terrestris Barringtonia timorensis Butonica apiculata Butonica ceylanica Butonica inclyta Butonica terrestris Barringtonia excelsa Huttum racemosum Menichea rosata Michelia apiculata Barringtonia elongata Barringtonia lageniformis Barringtonia longiracemosa Barringtonia obtusangula Barringtonia stravadium Michelia zeylanica Michelia timorensis Stravadium obtusangulum Stravadium album Barringtonia caffra Barringtonia celebesensis Barringtonia ceramensis Barringtonia ceylanica Barringtonia inclyta Barringtonia rosaria Barringtonia rosata Barringtonia rumphiana Barringtonia salomonensis Butonica alba Butonica caffra Butonica racemosa Butonica rosata Caryophyllus racemosus Eugenia racemosa Barringtonia racemosa var. elongata Barringtonia racemosa var. minor Barringtonia racemosa var. procera Barringtonia racemosa var. subcuneata Barringtonia apiculata Butonica rumphiana Barringtonia racemosa