Berberis thunbergii Dc.

Japanese barberry (en), Epine-vinette de thunberg (fr), Berbéris de Thunberg (fr), Épine-vinette de Thunberg (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Ranunculales > Berberidaceae > Berberis

Characteristics

Shrubs, deciduous, compact, usually ca. 1 m tall. Branches angulate, dark red, not verruculose; shoots reddish green, glabrous; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, 5-15 mm; internodes 1-1.5 cm. Petiole 2-8 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, obovate, spatulate, or rhombic-ovate, 1-2 × 0.5-1.2 cm, thinly papery, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces glabrous, with indistinct reticulate veins, base attenuate, cuneate, margin entire, apex mucronate or obtuse. Inflorescence an umbel with subfascicled flowers, (1 or)2-5-flowered, 1-2 cm. Pedicels 5-10 mm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals reddish, ovate-elliptic, 4-4.5 × 2.5-3 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 5-5.5 × 3.3-3.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals oblong-obovate, 5.5-6 × 3-4 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens 3-3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry shiny, red, ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2, brown. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
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Deciduous shrub to 4 m high, often dense, multistemmed. Spines simple (occasionally 3-fid), 5–18 mm long. Leaves spathulate to elliptic or obovate (sometimes appearing rhombic-or diamond-shaped),10–35 (–45) mm long, 5–15 (–22) mm wide, thin, glabrous, venation ±obscure, upper surface green or yellow-green, dull, lower surface paler or greyish, base tapering, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse; petiole indistinct due to tapering lamina, to c. 8 mm long. Flowers (1–) 2–5 (rarely to 12) in umbels or subumbellate racemes, yellow stained red, to c. 10 mm across. Berries ellipsoid, to 8 mm long, to 4.5 mm wide, maturing red or orange-red, shiny, without a bloom, style absent, ovules 1 or 2.
Shrubs , deciduous, 0.3-3 m. Stems dimorphic, with short axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems purple or brown, glabrous. Bud scales 1-2 mm, deciduous. Spines present, simple or 3-fid. Leaves simple; petioles 0-0.8 cm. Leaf blade obovate to spatulate, 1-veined from base, (0.5-)1.2-2.4 × 0.3-1(-1.8) cm, thin and flexible, base long-attenuate, margins plane, entire, apex rounded or obtuse; surfaces abaxially dull, smooth, adaxially dull, scarcely glaucous. Inflorescences umbellate, 1-5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex acute. Flowers: anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. Berries red, ellipsoid or spheric, (7-)9-10 mm, juicy, solid.
A shrub. It grows 1.2-1.8 m tall. It is spiny and loses its leaves during the year. It spreads 1.8-2.5 m wide. The leaves are small and neatly rounded. The leaves turn bright red or orange in autumn. The flowers are straw coloured with dull red stripes. They are small and bell shaped. The fruit are small oval berries which turn scarlet. Several named varieties occur.
Densely and divaricately branched, to 2 m; spines usually simple; lvs obovate to spatulate, mostly obtuse, entire, short-petiolate; fls solitary or in umbel-like clusters of 2–4, 8 mm wide; fr 1 cm; 2n=28. Native of Japan, frequently escaped from cult. along roadsides and in thickets in our range. May.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.4 - 2.0
Mature height (meter) 1.8
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is frost hardy. It is native to Japan. It suits light to medium well-drained soils. It is resistant to drought. It suits hardiness zones 4-9. Arboretum Tasmania. Burnie Rhodo gardens. Hobart Botanical Gardens.
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Naturalized in woods, old fields, roadsides; at elevations up to 1,300 metres in N. America.
At Mount Wilson occurs in the understorey of tall open eucalypt forest, on basalt.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 1-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-7

Usage

Cultivated ornamental (e.g. used in hedges), including various cultivars. There are attractive forms where leaf colour can be green, purple, pink, yellow or variegated; often displaying autumn colours. Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea Chenault has reddish purple to dark purple foliage.
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CAUTION: Plants in this group are slightly poisonous. The fruit are eaten fresh and used for jams and jellies. They are also dried.
Uses dye environmental use material medicinal ornamental poison
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Bitter-Principle (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings. The hardwood cuttings are taken in winter.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 60 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 10 - 18
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -30
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Berberis thunbergii habit picture by kevin (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii habit picture by Sabina Hartmann (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii habit picture by Jacques Zuber (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Berberis thunbergii leaf picture by alaala esden (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii leaf picture by Esuma (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii leaf picture by Patrick Buchin (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Berberis thunbergii flower picture by Else Nolden (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii flower picture by Jaroslav Odnoha (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii flower picture by Jesse Herb (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Berberis thunbergii fruit picture by ming fu (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii fruit picture by psvla sykorova (cc-by-sa)
Berberis thunbergii fruit picture by Manuela Guardado (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Berberis thunbergii world distribution map, present in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Slovakia, United States of America, and Uzbekistan

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:107136-1
WFO ID wfo-0000563924
COL ID LK9J
BDTFX ID 9446
INPN ID 85773
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Berberis thunbergii f. microcarpa Berberis thunbergii f. erecta Berberis thunbergii f. trispinosa Berberis thunbergii var. argenteomarginata Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea Berberis thunbergii var. erecta Berberis thunbergii var. maximowiczii Berberis thunbergii var. minor Berberis thunbergii var. pluriflora Berberis thunbergii var. rubrifolia Berberis thunbergii var. uniflora Berberis thunbergii f. grandiflora Berberis thunbergii f. obovata Berberis thunbergii