Boehmeria nivea Gaudich.

Chinese grass (en), Ramie (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Urticaceae > Boehmeria

Characteristics

Subshrubs or shrubs simple or few branched, 0.5-1.5 m tall; upper stems, branchlets, and petioles densely patent hirsute, appressed strigose or only strigose. Monoecious. Leaves alternate; stipules lanceolate, free or connate and 2-cleft, 7-11 mm; petiole 2.5-10 cm; leaf blade often orbicular or broadly ovate, sometimes ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-15 × 3.5-13 cm, herbaceous, secondary veins ca. 3 each side of midvein, abaxial surface snowy tomentose, sometimes light green with strigose hairs on veins, or thinly white tomentose, adaxial surface slightly rough and sparsely hispid, base subtruncate, rounded, cordate, or cuneate, margin dentate from base, apex cuspidate or acuminate. Glomerules unisexual, on specialized, unisexual flowering branches in the axils of current or recently fallen leaves, these paired and much branched, usually shorter than petioles and often congested in fruit, male branches proximal or sometimes absent, female distal. Male glomerules few-flowered, 2-4 mm in diam.; female glomerules many-flowered, 2-3 mm in diam. Male flowers 4-merous, sessile; perianth lobes connate to middle, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent. Female flowers rhomboid-ellipsoidal, 0.6-0.8 mm; stigma ca. 1 mm. Fruiting perianth rhomboid-obovoid, compressed, ca. 1 mm, strigose on shoulder, base constricted and stalklike, apex almost without neck, 2-3-toothed; achenes subovoid, ca. 0.6 mm, base stipitate. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.
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Perennial subshrub or shrub to 3 (–7) m high. Leaves alternate; lamina usually broadly ovate, coarsely serrate with teeth (2–) 3–7 mm long at broadest part of leaf and terminal ‘tooth’ of apex forming an acumen, acute to rounded or ± truncate at base, (4–) 6–15 cm long, (3–) 4–10 (–13) cm wide, herbaceous, with main palmate veins somewhat asperous above (the adaxial surface can be glabrous, with sparse coarse cystoliths giving rough feel, or also with sparse fine, adpressed hairs), reticulate below with veins densely pilose, white between the veins (although reported as white by Green (1994) for plants on Norfolk Island, the abaxial surface can be with or without the shining white tomentum of long tangled hairs that can vary in density from thick and obscuring coarser reticulation to thinner and patchy with even fine reticulation visible); petiole (2–) 4–12 cm long. Inflorescence lax, paniculate, 5–10 cm long; flowers clustered. Male flowers 4-merous; perianth lobes c. 1–1.5 mm long, united at base, almost glabrous. Female flowers with pilose, rhomboid-ellipsoidal perianth; style c. 1 mm long.
An erect shrub which grows from year to year. It is 1-3 m tall. The underground roots are thick storage roots. The leaves occur one after another along opposite sides of the stem. The leaves have long leaf stalks and are oval but broad. They have teeth along the edge. They are 7.5-15 cm long by 5-10 cm wide. The leaves are white underneath. The more tropical form does not have hairs under the leaf. The flowers are small. They occur in the axils of leaves. The flowers have separate sexes. The male flowers are lower down and the female flowers higher up. The fruit is a small dry one seeded fruit. It is brownish-yellow and about 1 mm long. Flowers are wind pollinated.
Shrubs or subshrubs , 2(-3) m. Leaves alternate. Leaf blades broadly ovate to nearly orbiculate, 8-15 × 5-12 cm, abaxial surface densely white-tomentose, adaxial surface slightly scabrous. Inflorescences panicles of moniliform (beaded) clusters, branches not leafy at apex; staminate flowers in proximal leaf axils, pistillate flowers in distil axils. Achenes compressed or lenticular, ovoid or ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 × ca. 0.9 mm, pubescent with straight or slightly curved hairs, uniformly smooth; seeds not conspicuous in outline, corky tissue absent.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 1.8
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical and subtropical plant. The plant grows best in warm moist climates. It needs rich well drained soil. It can grow in part shade. It grows on the edges of forests between 200-1,700 m above sea level. Melbourne Botanical gardens. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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 Evergreen forests especially along streams; widely naturalised at forest margins, in ravines and thickets, along roadsides and in other disturbed areas, often on limestone; at elevations from 200-1,700 metres.
 Evergreen forests especially along streams; widely naturalised at forest margins, in ravines and thickets, along roadsides and in other disturbed areas, often on limestone; at elevations from 200-1,700 metres.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity 2-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-8

Usage

Produces the Ramie of commerce. Cultivated in some countries for its fibre (for e.g. making rope, cloth) or as an ornamental plant. It also has traditional medicinal uses and is researched for pharmacological properties; e.g. see Escobin (2003), Brink (2011) and references therein.
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The roots are eaten after boiling and peeling. Oil extracted from the seeds is used for cooking. The leaves are cooked and eaten. They are also used as a dye to make black rice cake.
Uses animal food dye fiber fibre fishing fodder food material medicinal oil ornamental paper poison social use
Edible flowers leaves roots seeds stems
Therapeutic use Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Laxatives (root), Anodyne (unspecified), Antidote(Arrow poison) (unspecified), Bite(Bug) (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Preventitive(Miscarriage) (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Suppurative (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Flux (unspecified), Rectum (unspecified), Uterus (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed. It is more commonly grown from cuttings of the rhizome. Sections 15-25 cm long are planted at a depth of 5-8 cm. Suckers and stem cuttings can also be used.
Mode cuttings divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 17 - 27
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Boehmeria nivea leaf picture by Víquez Carazo Manuel (cc-by-sa)
Boehmeria nivea leaf picture by Brennan Baker (cc-by-sa)
Boehmeria nivea leaf picture by Kenneth Parker (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Boehmeria nivea flower picture by Kenneth Parker (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Boehmeria nivea fruit picture by 由美子 MiS (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Boehmeria nivea world distribution map, present in Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bhutan, China, Congo, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Guam, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Cambodia, Korea (Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Nepal, Panama, Philippines, Palau, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Singapore, El Salvador, Sao Tome and Principe, Thailand, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Viet Nam

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:850690-1
WFO ID wfo-0000567636
COL ID M9GG
BDTFX ID 83708
INPN ID 447647
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Boehmeria nivea f. nipponivea Urtica tenacissima Ramium niveum Procris nivea Boehmeria juncea Urera lamiifolia Urtica utilis Urtica nivea Ramium mollicoma Boehmeria nipononivea Boehmeria thailandica Urtica millettii Ramium compactum Boehmeria candicans Boehmeria compacta Boehmeria tenacissima Boehmeria utilis Boehmeria nivea subsp. nipononivea Boehmeria nivea var. candicans Boehmeria nivea var. concolor Boehmeria nivea var. nipononivea Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima Boehmeria nivea var. viridula Boehmeria frutescens var. concolor Boehmeria frutescens var. viridula Boehmeria nivea f. concolor Boehmeria nivea var. nivea Boehmeria mollicoma Boehmeria nivea