Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.

Rattlesnake fern (en)

Species

Pteridophytes > Ophioglossales > Ophioglossaceae > Botrychioideae > Botrychium

Characteristics

Rhizomes erect, short, cylindrical, fleshy, having many fleshy roots and annually producing 1 frond 25-70 cm tall. Sterile lamina: stalk 15-35 cm, subglabrous; lamina subternate, tri-or quadripinnatifid, pale green, broadly pentagonal or subdeltoid, 5-28 × 7-30 cm, thinly herbaceous, soft, abaxially lanuginose on midrib, base subtruncate or slightly cordate, apex acute or obtuse; pinnae broadly ovate, with basal pinnules small and middle ones large, oblong or ovate-lanceolate; ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, margin deeply lobed or dentate, apex acuminate; veins pinnate, free. Sporophore arising at top of common stipe; stalk 10-30 cm; lamina ovate-deltoid, 10-20 cm, 3-or 4-pinnate; pinnae stalked; sporangia globose or elliptic, each on tip of very short, sometimes obscure axes. Spore surface coarse and distantly verrucose. 2n = 184.
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Plants 20–75 cm; bud becoming exposed on one side, its blade and sporophore both reflexed; blade medial or somewhat supramedial, sessile, thin, deciduous, sparingly pilose, deltoid, mostly 7–20 × 10–30 cm, 2–4 times ternate-pinnately compound, the pinnules and segments decurrent, the ultimate segments acutely toothed; sporophore bipinnate or tripinnate, mostly 6–15 cm, on a stalk 7–20 cm; 2n=184. Woods and moist, open places; Nf. and Lab. to Alas., s. to Fla. and Calif.; also in s. Mex. and irregularly in Eurasia. Spring and early summer.
Trophophore sessile; blade pale green, 3--4-pinnate, to 25 × 33 cm, thin, herbaceous. Pinnae to 12 pairs, usually approximate to overlapping, slightly ascending, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, lanceolate, divided to tip. Pinnules lanceolate and deeply lobed, lobes linear, serrate, apex pointed, venation pinnate, midrib present. Sporophores 2-pinnate, 0.5--1.5(--2) times length of trophophore. 2 n =184.
A large succulent fern. It has stems up to 50 cm tall. The sterile blade in thin and triangle shaped and 15 cm long. The spore sacs have long stalks.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.4
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 0.3
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Wet forests and wooded slopes, 900-3,800 metres in Guatemala. Rich moist or dry woods. Common to abundant, especially in shaded forests and shrubby second growth, rare or absent in arid regions from sea level to 1.500 metres.
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Wet forests and wooded slopes, 900-3,800 metres in Guatemala. Rich moist or dry woods. Common to abundant, especially in shaded forests and shrubby second growth, rare or absent in arid regions from sea level to 1.500 metres.
It grows in rich lowland forest in Canada.
Light 3-5
Soil humidity 5-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

The plant is boiled and eaten.
Uses medicinal
Edible roots
Therapeutic use Emetic (root), Snake Bite Remedy (root), Expectorant (root), Cough Medicine (root), Tuberculosis Remedy (root), Dermatological Aid (root), Unspecified (root), Other (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Unspecified (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Tuberculosis Remedy (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Rupture (unspecified), Wound (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Botrychium virginianum leaf picture by Heather Anne Walter (cc-by-sa)
Botrychium virginianum leaf picture by Robert Stitt (cc-by-sa)
Botrychium virginianum leaf picture by cthulhu mittens (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Botrychium virginianum flower picture by Diane Leonard (cc-by-sa)
Botrychium virginianum flower picture by gene (cc-by-sa)
Botrychium virginianum flower picture by Klaus Dr. Vornberger (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Botrychium virginianum fruit picture by David Smith (cc-by-sa)
Botrychium virginianum fruit picture by David Smith (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Botrychium virginianum world distribution map, present in Brazil, Canada, China, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1106719-2
WFO ID wfo-0001109063
COL ID MPL8
BDTFX ID 77220
INPN ID 161089
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Botrychium virginianum f. virginianum Botrypus virginianus Japanobotrychium virginianum Botrychium virginianum var. virginianum Botrypus virginianus subsp. europaeus Osmundopteris virginiana Osmunda virginiana Botrychium virginianum

Lower taxons

Botrychium virginianum subsp. virginianum Botrychium virginianum subsp. europaeum