Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.

Red bird of paradise (en), Flamboyant (fr), Flamboyant nain (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Caesalpinia

Characteristics

Shrub up to 5 m high, unarmed or sometimes with short spines in pairs at the nodes, rarely scattered, quite glabrous except for the stamen-filaments. Leaves 6-30 cm long, unarmed or occasionally with paired prickles or spinulose stipels at the insertions of the pinnae and leaflets; pinnae 3-10 pairs; rhachillae 1.8-8.5 cm long; leaflets 5-12 pairs per pinna, (5)8-18(28) mm long, 4-12 mm wide, oblong to oblong-elliptic, rounded to emarginate apically. Racemes terminal or terminal and axillary, up to 35 cm long; bracts ± linear-lanceolate, up to 7.5 mm long, rapidly deciduous and shed when the buds are young. Flowers scarlet, red and yellow, orange-red or yellow (var. flava L. H. Bailey); pedicels 2-7.5 cm long in flower, sometimes longer in fruit. Sepals 7-14 mm long, the lower one 14-17 mm long and hooded apically. Petals 15-25 mm long, long-clawed, with a lamina ±10-20 mm wide, distal margin erose-undulate; upper petal smaller. Stamens scarlet, long-exserted; filaments 4-6.5 cm long, pubescent basally, glabrous above; anthers glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Pods asymmetrically oblanceolate-oblong, 6-12 cm long, 1.4-2.2 cm wide, brown or purplish-brown, compressed, unarmed, dehiscent. Seeds brown, ±9-10 x 7-8 mm, obovate, subtruncate apically, somewhat compressed.
More
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall, glabrous; branchlets unarmed or with a few straight prickles. Stipules subulate, c. 2 mm long, caducous. Leaves: rachis 20-40 cm; pinnae 5-9 pairs, often with a small subulate stipel (c. 0.5 mm long) between the pair. Leaflets opposite, 6-12 pairs per pinna, petiolulate (1-2 mm), oblong or elliptic-oblong, 9-30 (-35) by 5-15(-23) mm; base unequal, rounded; apex rounded to retuse. Inflores-cences axillary and terminal, racemose, sometimes paniculate, 20-50 cm long, rachis glabrous, rarely with a few straight prickles; bracts c. 5 by 0.5 mm; pedicels 70-100 mm, not articulated. Hypanthium c. 2 mm deep and 4 mm wide. Sepals 10-15 by 5-7 mm, ciliate. Petals yellow or flame-red, or red with a yellow margin, 10-25 by 6-8 mm, clawed (claw up to 15 mm long). Stamens very far exserted; filaments 55-75 mm; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm long, glabrous. Pistil about as long as the stamens; ovary 15-20 mm long, 8-12-ovuled; style 50-65 mm; stigma ciliate. Pods (pedicels 70-100 mm), 6-9 (-11) by 1.5-2 cm, dehiscent, septate, more or less woody, often widest at the rounded top, beaked, 8-10-seeded. Seeds slightly rectangular, 8-10 by 6-8 mm, black, dull.
flowered; bracts similar to stipules, caducous; lower pedicels elongate, not uncom-monly 7-8 cm. long, glabrous. Flowers ornamental, red to yellow; calyx-tube narrowly turbinate, 3-4 mm. long, the pedicellar stalk subarticulate a few mm. below the tube; mature calyx-lobes ovate or lanceolate to obovate, about 1 cm. long, glabrous, imbricate in bud, the outer calyx-lobe cucullate and somewhat larger; petals free, obovate, about 2 cm. long, glabrous, clawed; stamens 10, in-serted with petals on rim of calyx-tube, strongly exserted; filaments free, about 5 cm. long, glabrous except basally where viscid-pubescent; anthers ovate, 1-2 mm. long, versatile, bilocular, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary linear, glabrous, stipitate from base of calyx-tube. Legume linear-oblong, up to 12 cm. long, usually some-what wider apically than basally, obliquely acute both apically and basally, short-stipitate, flattened, glabrous, elastically dehiscent; seeds ovate, transverse.
Shrubs or small trees. Branches green or farinose-green, smooth, with scattered, sparse prickles. Leaves 12-26 cm; pin­nae 4-8 pairs, opposite, 6-12 cm; petiolules short; leaflets 7-11 pairs, oblong or obovate, 1-2 cm × 4-8 mm, base oblique, apex emarginate, sometimes acute. Racemes subcorymbose, terminal or axillary, lax, to 25 cm. Pedicels unequal in length, 4.5-7 cm. Receptacle concave to turbinate, glabrous. Sepals 5, glabrous, lowest one ca. 1.4 cm, others ca. 1 cm. Petals orange-red or yel­low, orbicular, 1-2.5 cm, margin wavy, with claw subequal to limb in length. Stamens very far exserted; filaments red, 5-6 cm, thick and hairy in basal part. Ovary glabrous; style orange-yellow, long, 5-6.5 mm. Legume blackish brown when ripe, oblanceolate-oblong, narrow and thin, 6-10 × 1.5-2 cm, not winged, glabrous, indehiscent, apex rounded, upper suture ending in a sharp beak. Seeds 6-9. Fl. and fr. year-round. 2n = 24, 28.
Shrub or small tree 2–5 m high; branchlets unarmed or sparsely prickled. Leaves ± unarmed, c. 20–30 cm long, with 3–9 pairs of pinnae, each with 6–12 pairs of shortly stalked leaflets; leaflets oblong, 5–25 mm long, oblique at base, rounded to emarginate at apex; stipules minute, caducous. Racemes axillary, many-flowered, 15–40 cm long, glabrous, occasionally branched; pedicels 5–7 cm long. Petals 15–25 mm long, yellow and/or orange-red, often with yellow margins; upper petal smaller with a slender claw 10–15 mm long. Stamens 5–7.5 cm long, slender, greatly exserted, hairy at base. Fruit linear-oblong or broader apically, 8–10 cm long, flattened, glabrous, dehiscent, dark brown. Seeds 8–9, obovoid.
Lightly or scarcely armed shrub or small tree, the branchlets glabrous. Leaves moderately large, twice-pinnate; petiole 2-8 cm. long, terete, eglandular, glabrous; rachis like petiole, up to 2 or more dm. long; stipules lanceolate, minute, caducous; pinnae up to 8 or more pairs, opposite on the rachis; leaflets about 10 pairs to the pinna, subopposite, mostly oblong, 10-23 mm. long and 5-10 mm. wide, rounded apically, obtuse and somewhat inequilateral basally, glabrous, membranaceous, petiolulate. Inflorescence usually terminal, a corymbose raceme, several-to many-
A bush or shrub. It grows 3 m tall. It has a single stem at the base. It branches widely. The leaves are compound and are divided twice. There can be 12 pairs of leaflets. These are 2 cm long. There are long flower spikes on the ends of most branches. The flowers have long stalks. The flowers can be red, pink, gold or yellow. The petals have wavy edges. The stamens are long. The fruit are flat, hanging pods. They are 12 cm long. They are green and turn dark brown. The pods twist open on the tree.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0 - 2.75
Mature height (meter) 3.0 - 4.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows throughout the tropics. It East Africa it grows best near the coast. It does best with moderate rainfall and a seasonally dry climate. It suits sandy, well-drained soil. It needs full sun. It is salt tolerant. It is damaged by drought or frost. It grows below 2,000 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places. In XTBG Yunnan. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
More
Tropical dry to moist forest.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The mature seeds are eaten raw. The young seeds are eaten fresh or cooked. The flowers are lightly cooked and eaten. Caution: The plant can contain hydrocyanide so needs to be cooked before using.
More
UsesCultivated as an ornamental throughout Malesia, naturalized in some regions. See K.Heyne Nutt. Pl. Indon. 3 1950 752 Burkill Diet. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. 1935 393.
Cultivated as an ornamental; includes cultivars with yellow or reddish flowers.
Uses animal food bee plant charcoal dye environmental use food gene source hedge material medicinal non-vertebrate poison ornamental poison religious vertebrate poison wood
Edible flowers pods seeds
Therapeutic use Abortifacient agents (bark), Antipyretics (bark), Cathartics (bark), Contraceptive agents (bark), Menstruation-inducing agents (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Abortifacient agents (flower), Anthelmintics (flower), Anti-inflammatory agents (flower), Antioxidants (flower), Antipyretics (flower), Asthma (flower), Bronchitis (flower), Common cold (flower), Cough (flower), Erysipelas (flower), Fever (flower), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (flower), Laxatives (flower), Malaria (flower), Pectoralis muscles (flower), Ulcer (flower), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Anti-arrhythmia agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Antineoplastic agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Cathartics (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Cough (leaf), Erysipelas (leaf), Fever (leaf), Hypertension (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Liver diseases (leaf), Menstruation-inducing agents (leaf), Mouthwashes (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Abortifacient agents (root), Anthelmintics (root), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Antipyretics (root), Common cold (root), Cough (root), Erysipelas (root), Fever (root), Laxatives (root), Ulcer (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Anemia, hemolytic (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Inflammation (seed), Periodontal diseases (seed), Abortifacient (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bechic (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Cathartic (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gastromegaly (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Mouth (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tooth (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vulnerary (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Gargle (unspecified), Gum (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antiviral agents (unspecified), Cardiovascular system (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed. Seed need treatment before sowing. They can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf picture by Dácio Dácio (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf picture by L Toledo (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf picture by John Touma (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower picture by Salbador Duñabeitia (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower picture by suresh (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower picture by Vincent Muscarello (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Caesalpinia pulcherrima fruit picture by Navneeth Rao (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Caesalpinia pulcherrima world distribution map, present in Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Bhutan, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cook Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guernsey, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Hong Kong, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Mali, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Montserrat, Martinique, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Niue, Netherlands, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, Suriname, Seychelles, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, South Africa, and Zambia

Conservation status

Caesalpinia pulcherrima threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1164658-2
WFO ID wfo-0000214363
COL ID 5X4Z4
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447032
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Caesalpinia hispida Poinciana pulcherrima Poinciana alata Radackia amicorum Poinciana bijuga Poinciana pulcherrima f. flava Poinciana hispida Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. flava Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. insignis Caesalpinia pulcherrima