Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.F. & Thomson

Species

Angiosperms > Magnoliales > Annonaceae > Cananga

Characteristics

Trees or shrubs. Bark pale gray. Branchlets dark colored, striate with age, minutely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1-2 cm, narrowly grooved; leaf blade in 2 ranks, ovate, oblong, or broadly elliptic, 9-23 × 4-14 cm, membranous to thinly papery, often drying black, glabrous when mature except for mostly whitish pubescence along midvein and secondary veins, secondary veins 7-15 on each side of midvein, base rounded, obtuse, or truncate and often inequilateral, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or on short woody branches, racemose or cymose, 1-or several flowered; peduncle 2-5 mm; bracts minute, deciduous. Flowers pendulous. Pedicel 1-5 cm, pubescent, bracteolate. Sepals ovate, ca. 0.7 mm, pubescent, connate at base, apex acute and reflexed. Petals green, turning yellow and inside basally with a purplish brown blotch, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-8 × 0.5-1.8 cm, tomentose and with several veins minutely pubescent, basal claw small. Stamens oblong-oblanceolate, 0.7-1 mm; connectives apically acute, pubescent. Carpels 10-12, ca. 4 mm, puberulent when young, glabrescent; stigmas clavate, lamellate, fused, with a U-shaped groove on inner side running down to base of ovary to form a convex pileate disk. Monocarp stipes 1.2-1.8 cm; monocarps nearly black, ovoid, globose, or oblong, 1.5-2.3 × ca. 1 cm, pulpy, glabrous. Seeds 2-12 per monocarp, pale brown, in 2 series, surface pitted. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Oct-Mar.
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Tree to 30 m high. Shoots pubescent with pale brown hairs; branchlets glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 1–1.7 (–2) cm long; lamina ovate, sometimes oblong, 8–22 cm long, 3.5–9 cm wide, rounded, truncate or obtuse, and slightly asymmetrical at base, acuminate or acute at apex, glabrescent; secondary veins 8–11 pairs. Cymes of few to c. 20 flowers. Flowers very fragrant. Pedicel 2.5–5 cm long; bracts narrowly ovate, 1.5–3 mm long. Sepals broadly ovate, 4–6 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, tomentellous; margins recurved. Petals 6, linear, c. 50–90 mm long, flat, tomentellous near base, elsewhere puberulous, pale greenish yellow. Outer petals mostly 60–90 mm long, 4–7 mm wide; inner petals slightly smaller. Stamens c. 130–170, 1.8–3 mm long, anther connective acute and projecting above and covering the anthers. Carpels c. 10–15; ovary nearly glabrous; ovules 10–14; stigma puberulous. Apocarps ovoid or subglobose, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 1–1.8 cm wide, black or green-black; stipe 1–2 cm long. Seeds 2–15, irregularly discoid, rugulose, pitted, brown.
Tree 6–18(–33) m. tall, with pale grey bark; young twigs minutely pubescent, later glabrous, dark-coloured and striate.. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 10–21 cm. long, 4–10 cm. wide, often obliquely acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate, rounded or truncate at the base, somewhat pubescent on the midrib and nerves; venation prominent.. Flowers drooping in 2–6-flowered racemes, very sweetly scented.. Petals green at first, then pale yellow, with a purple-brown spot at the base inside, linear-lanceolate, (2.5–)5–7.5(–8.7) cm. long, 5–7(–14) mm. wide, minutely pubescent.. Monocarps 10–16, ellipsoid or oblong-obovoid, 1.5–2.3 cm. long, glabrous.. Seeds pale brown, oblong-elliptic in outline, flattened, 9 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, 2.5 mm. thick, with rugose or pitted faces.. Fig. 15, p. 65.
An evergreen tree. It grows to 25 m tall and spreads to 5 m wide. The stem is erect and the branches are weeping. The leaves are alternate and simple. They are 20 cm long and with wavy edges. They are oval and tapering. The flowers are bright green. They are 7.5 cm long with twisted, drooping, narrow petals. They have a strong smell. Flowers are on short stalks and grow from old wood. The flowers occur in clusters in the axils of leaves. The fruit is made up of 10-12 seed buds and they are black.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 3.5
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows best in rich, moist, well drained soil. It requires a protected sunny position. It is drought and frost tender. Temperatures need to be above 21°C for seed to grow. Trees need temperatures above 16°C. It does best in regions with an annual average temperature of 18-28°C. It grows in rainforest. It grows in moist valleys below 800 m altitude. In Costa Rica it grows up to 200 m altitude. In Colombia it grows between 100-2,220 m above sea level. In XTBG Yunnan. At MARDI. In Townsville Queens BG.
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Moist evergreen forests and teak forests. From sea level to mid-montane elevations. Common in secondary forest formations and along forest edges in Vietnam.
Grows mostly on the margins of lowland rainforest and in secondary forest, also gallery forest.
Light 4-7
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Widely cultivated in tropical regions as a perfume plant 'ylang-ylang'. An aromatic oil is distilled from the flowers and used in perfumes and as an essential oil in aromatherapy.
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The oil distilled from the flowers is used for food flavouring especially sweet foods. Oil is used in medicine and aromatherapy.
Uses animal food charcoal construction environmental use essential oil etheric oil food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal oil ornamental shade social use tea wood
Edible flowers fruits
Therapeutic use Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Cosmetics (bark), Endophthalmitis (bark), Fever (bark), Respiratory tract infections (bark), Stomach diseases (bark), Ulcer (bark), Asthma (flower), Flatulence (flower), Pruritus (flower), Fever (fruit), Diarrhea (leaf), Diarrhea, infantile (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Fever (seed), Boil (unspecified), Cephalgia (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Perfume (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Scurf (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Endophthalmitis (whole plant), Flatulence (whole plant), Gout (whole plant), Headache (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The seed must be sown fresh. It is best to sow the seed in the field to avoid damaging the long taproot. The tree is often pruned to 3 m height to make oil harvesting more easy. The branches are bent down and pegged to the ground. Plants can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Cananga odorata leaf picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata leaf picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata leaf picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cananga odorata flower picture by Gilles Gaillard (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata flower picture by hsri1992 (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata flower picture by Chee Keong Chan (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Cananga odorata fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Cananga odorata fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cananga odorata world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, China, Myanmar, New Zealand, Thailand, and United States of America

Conservation status

Cananga odorata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72580-1
WFO ID wfo-0000583386
COL ID QJB8
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 446902
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Uvaria axillaris Unona fitzgeraldii Uvaria javanica Unona leptopetala Uvaria trifoliata Unona cananga Unona ossea Uvaria gaertneri Uvaria farcta Uvaria ossea Uvaria odorata Uvaria cananga Cananga mitrastigma Cananga scortechinii Canangium mitrastigma Canangium odoratum Canangium scortechinii Fitzgeraldia mitrastigma Unona odoratissima Cananga odoratum Unona odorata Canangium odoratum var. velutinum Cananga odorata var. odorata Unona odorata Cananga odorata

Lower taxons

Cananga odorata var. fruticosa