Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) Dc.

Sword jackbean (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Canavalia

Characteristics

Twining climbing vines; stems terete, glabrate, with a few minute retrorse weak hairs. Leaves pinnate trifoliolate; leaflets ovate, mostly ca. 10 cm long, ca. 6 cm wide; apically acute or short acuminate, basally rounded or obtuse, char-taceous, glabrate, the surface with scattered minute hairs. Inflorescence axillary, ca. 10 mm long; bracteoles caducous; pedicels ca. 1 mm long or obsolete, rachis with swollen glandular nodes. Flowers lavender; calyx tubular, 10-15 mm long, glabrate, the upper lip elongate, emarginate, the lowest tooth ca. 1.5 mm long, pointed, slightly exceeding the lateral teeth, puberulent; standard 2.5-3 cm long. Legume 24-30 cm long, ca. 5 cm wide, oblong, compressed, the beak slightly downturned, longitudinally ridged on the sutures and with an additional ridge 4-6 mm from the sutural ridges, glabrate or with minute, inconspicuous scattered white hairs; seeds dark red or pink, oblong ovate or elliptical, 3-4 cm long, ca. 2 mm wide, compressed, the hilum ca. 2 cm long, dark, 3/4 the length of one edge of the seed.
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Vigorous woody perennial climber with twining stems (grown as an annual in cultivation), up to 10 m long: leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, acuminate at the apex, 80-200 x 75-150 mm, sparsely pubescent; petiole (50)145-175 mm long; stipules ± 2 mm long. Peduncles 100-300 mm long, with 8-10 flowers, flowers 25-30 mm long; bracteoles ± 1 mm long. Calyx sparsely pubescent upper lip large, 12-15 mm long, lower lip much smaller, 8-10 mm long. Corolla white; standard broadly obovate, 25-35 x 15-20 mm, claw 3-4 mm long; wings oblong, 14-18 x 4-5 mm, smaller than keel, claw 3-5 mm long; keel obovate, 16-22 x 6-8 mm, claw 3-5 mm long. Ovary narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm long. Pod linear-oblong, very large, slightly compressed, 160-400 (-600) x 35-50 mm, with two longitudinal ribs near the upper suture, 8-16-seeded; seeds very large, oblong-ellipsoid, brick red, with hilum extending most of the upper margin.
Herbs, climbing, several meters tall. Leaflets ovate, 8-20 × 8-12 cm, sparsely whitish or brown pubescent on both sur­faces, base rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Racemes 10-20-flowered; peduncles 20-25 cm. Flowers 2 or 3 clustered at each node. Calyx 15-16 mm, slightly pubescent, upper lip rounded, lower lip with 3 acute teeth. Corolla white or pink, 3-3.5 cm; petals clawed and auriculate; standard broadly elliptic, 3-3.5 × ca. 2.5 cm, emarginate; wings and keel ob­long, incurved, smaller than standard. Legumes linear-oblong, slightly curved, 20-35 × 3.5-6 cm, thickly leathery, each valve with extra rib ca. 5 mm from sutural rib. Seeds reddish brown, elliptic-oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2 cm; hilum ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Oct.
A climbing or sometimes bushy and upright bean plant. Mostly it is a climber. It can be 4 m long. The leaves have 3 large leaflets. The leaflets are oval and 7.5-20 cm long by 5-12 cm wide. The top of the leaf can narrow abruptly to a tip while the base can be rounded or broadly wedge shaped. The leaves are slightly hairy on both surfaces. The leaf stalk is 5-12 cm long. The flowers are in groups and are white. The flower cluster is 7-12 cm long and the flower cluster stalk 4-20 cm long. The individual flower stalks are 2 mm long. The pods are long (20-40 cm) and curved. Seeds are coloured red or pink. The hilum is dark brown and almost as long as the seed.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 3.0 - 4.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It requires a tropical climate. Temperatures of 20-30°C suit it well and it grows from sea level to about 1000 m altitude in equatorial zones. They are drought and salt resistant. They can grow on lowland tropical nutrient depleted soils. They can grow on soils with pH from 4.5-7.0. They can tolerate some shade. In Yunnan.
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Not known in the wild.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

Young pods are cooked and eaten. Seeds can be cooked and eaten, but the water should be changed and they should be well boiled. They are also fermented. The seeds can be toasted and ground and used as a coffee substitute. The leaves are blanched and eaten. CAUTION The seeds can be poisonous due to hydrocyanic acid and saponin. Cooking will remove these.
Uses animal food coffee substitute cover plant environmental use fetish fodder food forage gene source green manure manure material medicinal ornamental poison
Edible flowers leaves pods seeds shoots
Therapeutic use Intestinal diseases, parasitic (leaf), Anti-poisoning (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Anti-poisoning (root), Boil (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Repellant(Insect) (unspecified), Antitussive (unspecified), Anorexia (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Hemagglutination (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Diuretics (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

They are grown from seeds. Seeds germinate readily and the plant is relatively fast growing. Seeds can be sown 5 cm deep. Plants should be 60-70 cm apart. Climbing types need support. Often natural supports such as trees, walls and fences are used in backyard production. For large scale production 25-40 kg/ha of seed are needed.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Flower

Canavalia gladiata flower picture by rakshith pawar (cc-by-sa)
Canavalia gladiata flower picture by Gómez Ely (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Canavalia gladiata world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Mali, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Martinique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, Nepal, Nauru, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Réunion, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:483647-1
WFO ID wfo-0000189826
COL ID 68Y44
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629254
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Canavalia maxima Dolichos incurvus Canavalia gladiata Dolichos gladiatus Malocchia gladiata Canavalia incurva Canavalia incurva Canavalia loureiroi Canavalia machaeroides Canavalia foureiri Dolichos faba-indica Cryptophaseolus anamensis Canavalia lunareti Canavalia gladiata f. erythrocarpa Canavalia gladiata var. gladiata Canavalia gladiata var. machaeroides Canavalia enformis var. gladiata Canavalia enformis var. alba Canavalia gladiata var. erythrosperma Canavalia gladiata var. spodosperma Canavalia gladiata var. erythosperma Canavalia ensiformis var. gladiata

Lower taxons

Canavalia gladiata var. alba