Tree, 12-36 m by 30-90 cm ø; buttresses up to 2 m tall; bark surface smooth or shallowly fissured, pale greyish brown. Branchlets initially densely set with reddish brown adpressed stellate tomen-tum, later greyish brown, sparsely lenticellate; terminal bud ovoid-globose, 3-5 by 3-4 mm, scales ovate-acute. Leaves thick-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 10-25 by 3-10 cm; surfaces strongly discolorous, above glabrous, glossy, greyish green, underneath with a thick cover of reddish brown adpressed stellate hairs; base rounded or acute, sometimes asymmetrical, margin entire recurved, apex rounded or abruptly acute; midrib and nerves prominent beneath, flat-tish above; nerves 8-16 pairs, parallel, ascending, at an angle of 60-70°, arcuating but not anastomosing near the margin; reticulation fine, subscalariform, obscure on both surfaces; petiole subglab-rous, thickened and rugose at the base, adaxially flat or shallowly furrowed, 1½-2½ cm by 2-3 mm. Male rachises 10-20 cm, in paniculate clusters; bracts ovate-acute; ♂ flowers in clusters of 3, perianth deeply incised, lobes 6, acute, 1-2 mm, stamens 12, filaments 3½-4 mm, anthers 0.20-0.25 mm long, pistillode rounded, c. 1 mm ø. Female rachis 10-15 cm; ♀ flowers solitary, ovary rounded triangular in cross-section, 3-locular, perianth 6-lobed, staminodes 12, rudimentary, styles 3, terete, c. 1 mm, recurved. Ripe cupule ovoid-globose, subsessile, 8-10 by 6-7 cm; wall woody, 2-4 mm thick; spines much-branched, 1-1½ cm long, with sharp tip, rigid, densely but irregularly set; dehiscence into two equal halves or irregular. Fruit solitary, ovoid, 6-8 by 3-5 cm, wall woody, 3-4 mm thick, rugose, adnate to the cupule; cotyledons flat-convex.
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A tree. It grows 36 m high. The trunk is 90 cm across. The bark is smooth but can have shallow cracks. The leaves are thick and leathery. They are smooth and shiny above. There are some brown hairs underneath. The leaves are narrowly oval and 20-24 cm long by 8 cm wide. Male and female flowers are separate. The male flowering stalks are 8-14 cm long and the flowers are in clusters of 3. The female flowering stalks are 9-12 cm long and the flowers occur singly. The fruit cup does not have a stalk and is rounded or oval. It is 5-8 cm high and 3-6 cm wide. It is hairy and spiny. There is one nut in each cup. It is rounded and 3-8 cm long by 3-5 cm wide.
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