Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Spadeleaf (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Apiales > Apiaceae > Centella

Characteristics

Procumbent perennial herb, with a slender to stout taproot, rooting at the nodes, up to at least 1 m. in length but often less.. Stem terete, finely striate, green or suffused purplish.. Leaves solitary or in groups of up to 6 on very short lateral shoots, thin to more commonly rather leathery in texture, very variable in size, separated by long slender internodes up to as much as 16 cm. long, the lamina roundish to reniform with a narrow to very wide basal sinus, ± 0.8–9 cm. wide and 0.8–5.5 cm. long from apex to petiole, ± regularly bluntly crenate or the teeth sharply mucronate all round or towards the base, palmately nerved with the nerves branched at ± halfway to the margin, secondary venation increasingly faint, surfaces glabrous or very faintly pilose; sheaths narrowly oblong, ± 3–12 mm., striate, membranous margined; petiole very variable in length, 3 mm. to 30 cm., glabrous or more commonly softly white-pilose at least below the lamina.. Umbels subcapitate, 1–5 together on slender, thinly to densely pilose peduncles 3 mm. to 4 cm. long, which ± reflex in fruit.. Flowers 1–7 in each umbel; pedicels very short (at most 1.5 mm.) and pilose, or obsolete; involucre of 2 broadly ovate, membranous-margined bracts 1.5–5 mm. long.. Petals roundish to broadly obovate, ± 1 mm., greenish to purplish red, often with minute whitish hairs on the central dorsal surface.. Fruit very strongly laterally compressed, oblate-rounded, ± 3–4 mm., glabrous or with fine, rather long white hairs; primary and secondary ribs narrowly prominent, with ± anastomosing veins between; stylopodia low and rounded, finally indistinct; styles ± divergent, ± 0.5–0.75 mm.. Fig. 3.
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Procumbent perennial herb, with a slender to stout taproot, rooting at the nodes, up to at least 1 m. in length but often less. Stem terete, finely striate, green or suffused purplish. Leaves solitary or in groups of up to 6 on very short lateral shoots, thin to more commonly rather leathery in texture, very variable in size, separated by long slender internodes up to as much as 16 cm long, the lamina roundish to reniform with a narrow to very wide basal sinus, ±0.8-9 cm wide and 0.8-5.5 cm long from apex to petiole, ± regularly bluntly crenate or the teeth sharply mucronate all round or towards the base, palmately nerved with the nerves branched at ± halfway to the margin, secondary venation increasingly faint, surfaces glabrous or very faintly pilose; sheaths narrowly oblong, ±3-12 mm, striate, membranous margined; petiole very variable in length, 3 mm to 30 cm, glabrous or more commonly softly white-pilose at least below the lamina. Umbels subcapitate, 1-5 together on slender, thinly to densely pilose peduncles 3 mm to 4 cm long, which ± reflex in fruit. Flowers 1-7 in each umbel; pedicels very short (at most 1.5 mm) and pilose, or obsolete; involucre of 2 broadly ovate, membranous-margined bracts 1.5-5 mm long. Petals roundish to broadly obovate, ±1 mm, greenish to purplish red, often with minute whitish hairs on the central dorsal surface. Fruit very strongly laterally compressed, oblate-rounded, ±3-4 mm, glabrous or with fine, rather long white hairs; primary and secondary ribs narrowly prominent, with ± anastomosing veins between; stylopodia low and rounded, finally indistinct; styles ± divergent, ±0.5-0.75 mm.
A slender perennial plant with creeping stems which root at the nodes. It grows to 10 cm high and spreads to 50 cm across. The stems are creeping and form roots at the nodes. Groups of leaves develop in clumps at the nodes. Leaves are round or heart shaped with a wavy edge. The edge has teeth or indentations along it. The leaves can be 8 cm across, when grown in shady places. The leaves have 7-9 forked veins. The leaf stalks are 6-15 cm long. The stems and flowers are dull red or pink. The flowers are small and occur in small clusters. The fruit is round but flattened. It is very small and 2 mm across.
Stems creeping with long stolons, more or less puberulous in the young state. Leaves in rosettes; petioles 1-40 cm, sometimes puberulous; lamina 1-7 cm diam., roundly reniform, crenate or crenate-dentate. Umbels solitary or 2-5 together in the axils of nearly 3 mm long bracts; peduncles ½-5 cm, shorter than the petioles. Flowers usually 3, middle one sessile, lateral ones pedicellate; involucres 2, 3-4 by nearly 1½ mm, ovate. Petals red, 1-1½ by ¾ mm. Mericarpsabout2 by 1½ mm, subhairy when young.
Petiole 0.5–10(–30) cm; leaf blade orbicular or reniform, 1–4.5 × 1.5–5 cm, palmate veins 5–7, prominent, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially sparsely pubescent on the veins, base broadly cordate, coarsely toothed. Peduncles 2–4, clustered axillary, 0.2–1.5 cm; bracts 2 (rarely 3), ovate, 3–4 × 2.1–3 mm, persistent in fruit; umbels 3–4-flowered, capitate. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Petals white or rose-tinged. Fruit 2.1–3 × 2.2–3.6 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Oct.
Perennial herb; stems procumbent. Flowering stems up to 0.13 m high; erect. Leaves simple, long petiolate; blade reniform to orbicular, base deeply heart-shaped, margins with teeth thickened, glabrous below, occasionally thinly pilose. Flowers: in small umbels near surface of soil; partly enclosed in 2 green bracts; dark crimson to greenish white; Sep.-May. Fruit laterally compressed, densely reticulate.
Prostrate perennial, spreading with stolons and rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, reniform to rounded, sparsely hairy to glabrous, margins regularly crenate all round. Inflorescences: umbels simple, axillary. Flowers bisexual, 3 per umbel. Petals greenish to purplish red. Flowering time Nov.-Mar. Fruit strongly laterally compressed, obovate, longer than bracts, wrinkled.
Flowers 2–8, hermaphrodite, with an involucre of 2 ovate, membranous, persistent bracts. Pedicels slender or obsolete; petals dark crimson to greenish-white, orbicular with a slender inflexed point. Calyx teeth and stylopodium obsolete; styles short, ± divergent.
Leaves solitary or in groups of up to 5, pubescent or glabrous; lamina 1–7 cm. wide, reniform to almost orbicular, with a deep basal sinus; margin crenate, glabrous or with scattered hairs on upper part of petiole (petiole sometimes densely hairy when young).
Prostrate perennial, spreading with stolons and rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, kidney-shaped to rounded, sparsely hairy to glabrous, crenate. Flowers bisexual, 3 per umbel, reddish. Fruit obovate, longer than bracts, wrinkled.
Creeping herb. Leaves reniform to orbicular with distinct basal sinus; papery, as broad as long or broader than long, often glabrous below, occasionally thinly pilose. Flowers dark crimson to greenish white.
Fruit 3·5× 3 mm., orbicular to ellipsoid, brown at maturity, deeply constricted at the commissure and flattened laterally, primary ribs prominent when ripe, secondary ribs ± evident; carpophore entire.
Umbels subcapitate; peduncles 1·5–5 cm. long, glabrous or pubescent, usually much shorter than the subtending petiole.
Creeping herb, rooting at the nodes, but sometimes forming a large taproot.
Stem terete, with shallow grooves, sometimes purplish.
A perennial creeping plant, rooting at the nodes
Flowers purplish
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 0.2
Root system creeping-root rhizome tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It is a ground cover plant in old gardens, in light rainforest. It suits humid locations. It grows in wetlands. It often grows along streams and rice paddies. It grows best in sunny, moist, fertile places. It grows in wetlands. In Papua New Guinea it grows mostly up to about 500 m altitude but will probably grow up to 2500 m. It is drought and frost tender. In Nepal it grows to about 2800 m altitude. It needs a temperature above 10°C. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-12. In Yunnan.
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The base of old stone walls and rocky sunny places in lowland hills and especially by the coast in central and southern Japan. Shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields, and in grass thickets.
The base of old stone walls and rocky sunny places in lowland hills and especially by the coast in central and southern Japan. Shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields, and in grass thickets.
Sunny or slightly shaded, fertile, damp localities, along streambanks, also between stones of pathways and alongside walls, 1-2500 m.
In damp grassy places.
Light 4-7
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 4-7
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-11

Usage

The whole plant is eaten raw or cooked. The leaves are added to tossed salads or steamed and served with rice. They can be cooked in vegetable soups or stews. The fresh leaves can be stored for 3 days. They should only be eaten in small quantities. They are used to improve chutney. The plant is also used for medicine. The leaves are made into tea. The juice of the leaves diluted with water and sweetened with sugar are used as a drink.
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Uses. Leaves raw or steamed eaten with rice. Medicinal uses many, especially against skin diseases and as a diuretic. Capacity for holding earth against erosion.
Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal poison social use tea vertebrate poison
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Fever (aerial part), Abdominal pain (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Headache (fruit), Lung diseases (fruit), Nervous system diseases (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Abdominal pain (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antihypertensive agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Antitoxins (leaf), Beriberi (leaf), Brain diseases (leaf), Cataract (leaf), Central nervous system depressants (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Confusion (leaf), Cough (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Dysentery, amebic (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Elephantiasis (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Fever (leaf), Filariasis (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hematologic diseases (leaf), Hypnotics and sedatives (leaf), Inflammation (leaf), Kidney calculi (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Leprosy (leaf), Lung diseases (leaf), Memory disorders (leaf), Nervous system diseases (leaf), Nootropic agents (leaf), Peptic ulcer (leaf), Postnatal care (leaf), Premature ejaculation (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Skin care (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Stomach diseases (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Stress, physiological (leaf), Stress, psychological (leaf), Syphilis (leaf), Syphilis, cutaneous (leaf), Tongue diseases (leaf), Urologic diseases (leaf), Vasodilator agents (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Injury of head (leaf), Abdominal pain (root), Beriberi (root), Cough (root), Diarrhea (root), Dysentery (root), Dysentery, amebic (root), Eczema (root), Gonorrhea (root), Leprosy (root), Memory disorders (root), Nootropic agents (root), Peptic ulcer (root), Pharyngitis (root), Scabies (root), Skin diseases (root), Stomach diseases (root), Syphilis, cutaneous (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Injury of head (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Hemorrhage (shoot), Eczema (stem), Leprosy (stem), Nootropic agents (stem), Scabies (stem), Skin diseases (stem), Wounds and injuries (stem), Alexiteric (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Circulation (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Infection (unspecified), Insanity (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Lactogogue(Veterinary) (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Longevity (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Ache(Rib) (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Brain (unspecified), Cataract (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Nervine (unspecified), Poultice (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Pleuritis (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Fungicide (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Hepatosis (unspecified), Hysteria (unspecified), Otosis (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Urethritis (unspecified), Vertigo (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Renosis (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Abortifacient agents (unspecified), Immunostimulant (unspecified), Hair loss (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Amnesia (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Anticonvulsants (unspecified), Antidepressive agents (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents, local (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antineoplastic agents (unspecified), Antioxidants (unspecified), Antiprotozoal agents (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Anxiety (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Ascariasis (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Biliary tract diseases (unspecified), Bites and stings (unspecified), Brain diseases (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Central nervous system depressants (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Delirium (unspecified), Dementia (unspecified), Diabetes mellitus (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Digestive system diseases (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dizziness (unspecified), Dysentery, amebic (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Dysphonia (unspecified), Dyspnea (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Elephantiasis (unspecified), Emaciation (unspecified), Exanthema (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Fractures, bone (unspecified), Furunculosis (unspecified), Galactogogues (unspecified), Gastritis (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Hiccup (unspecified), Hoarseness (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Hypoglycemia (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Inflammatory bowel diseases (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Kidney diseases (unspecified), Laryngitis (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Lung diseases (unspecified), Lupus erythematosus, systemic (unspecified), Lymphadenitis (unspecified), Memory disorders (unspecified), Menstruation disturbances (unspecified), Mental disorders (unspecified), Metabolism (unspecified), Mouth diseases (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified), Nervous system diseases (unspecified), Nootropic agents (unspecified), Ointments (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (unspecified), Pneumonia (unspecified), Anti-poisoning (unspecified), Postnatal care (unspecified), Premature ejaculation (unspecified), Psoriasis (unspecified), Radiation-protective agents (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Scorpion stings (unspecified), Sexually transmitted diseases (unspecified), Skin care (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified), Stomach diseases (unspecified), Stomatitis (unspecified), Stomatitis, aphthous (unspecified), Stress, physiological (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Syphilis, cutaneous (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tranquilizing agents (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Uterine cervicitis (unspecified), Cooling effect on body (unspecified), Anemia (whole plant), Anorexia (whole plant), Anti-inflammatory agents (whole plant), Antirheumatic agents (whole plant), Asthma (whole plant), Cellulitis (whole plant), Contraceptive agents (whole plant), Cough (whole plant), Diarrhea (whole plant), Diuretics (whole plant), Dysentery (whole plant), Dyspnea (whole plant), Elephantiasis (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Gonorrhea (whole plant), Hematologic diseases (whole plant), Hemorrhage (whole plant), Hypertension (whole plant), Inflammation (whole plant), Leprosy (whole plant), Leukorrhea (whole plant), Narcotics (whole plant), Nervous system diseases (whole plant), Neuroprotective agents (whole plant), Pharyngitis (whole plant), Polyuria (whole plant), Pruritus (whole plant), Psoriasis (whole plant), General tonic for rejuvenation (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Stomach ulcer (whole plant), Syphilis (whole plant), Taste disorders (whole plant), Hydrocele (whole plant), Tuberculosis, lymph node (whole plant), Ulcer (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

New plants can be produced by seeds or by runners. Mostly plants grow and spread naturally. Cuttings or runners are the easiest way to grow the plants.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Centella asiatica leaf picture by Gi Gillian (cc-by-sa)
Centella asiatica leaf picture by Abhishek Sharma (cc-by-sa)
Centella asiatica leaf picture by bhasmapriya (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Centella asiatica world distribution map, present in Angola, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bhutan, Botswana, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Comoros, Algeria, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Guam, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Mali, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Malawi, Mayotte, Namibia, Nigeria, Niue, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Réunion, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Seychelles, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Viet Nam, Samoa, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Centella asiatica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1197718-2
WFO ID wfo-0000594096
COL ID 69GFK
BDTFX ID 85558
INPN ID 446905
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Neosciadium glochidiatum Centella boninensis Trisanthus cochinchinensis Glyceria asiatica Glyceria triflora Hydrocotyle abyssinica Hydrocotyle hebecarpa Hydrocotyle ulugurensis Centella coriacea Centella glochidiata Centella hirtella Centella tussilaginifolia Centella uniflora Chondrocarpus asiaticus Chondrocarpus triflorus Hydrocotyle artensis Hydrocotyle dentata Hydrocotyle indivisa Hydrocotyle lunata Hydrocotyle sarmentosa Hydrocotyle thunbergiana Hydrocotyle ficarioides Hydrocotyle sylvicola Hydrocotyle reniformis Hydrocotyle ficarifolia Hydrocotyle biflora Hydrocotyle inaequipes Hydrocotyle brasiliensis Hydrocotyle brevipedata Hydrocotyle abbreviata Hydrocotyle glochidiata Hydrocotyle brevipes Hydrocotyle tussilaginifolia Hydrocotyle lurida Hydrocotyle nummularioides Hydrocotyle asiatica Hydrocotyle pallida Hydrocotyle uniflora Centella asiatica var. crista Hydrocotyle asiatica var. monantha Centella ulugurensis Centella asiatica var. asiatica Centella asiatica