Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Spreng.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Chrozophora

Characteristics

A prostrate or ascending, softly white stellate-pubescent bushy annual herb up to 0.5 m. high and 1.5 m. across.. Stellate hairs stipitate or not.. Stems terete or rounded-trigonous.. Petioles (0.5–)1.5–4(–5.5) cm. long; blade broadly ovate, ovate or ovate-rhombic, sometimes shallowly trilobate, 1.5–5 cm. long, 1–4(–4.5) cm. broad, obtuse or rounded, somewhat asymmetrically subcuneate, truncate or shallowly cordate, with 2 discoid or shallowly crateriform shining blackish-purple glands with inrolled minutely pubescent margins, at the base near the junction with the petiole, plicate-undulate when young, later ± flat and irregularly shallowly repand-dentate to subentire, thinly chartaceous, 3–5-nerved from the base, lateral nerves 2–3 pairs, tertiary nerve network arachnoid, not prominent above and only slightly so beneath, bullate above and correspondingly foveolate beneath when young, the bullae often overlapping incubously, later becoming ± plane.. Stipules linear, 2 mm. long.. Inflorescences 1.5–4 cm. long; bracts resembling the stipules.. Male flowers: pedicels 1 mm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acute, stellate-pubescent without, glabrous within; petals elliptic-oblong, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, subacute or obtuse, lepidote without, glabrous within, pink; disc ± 1 mm. diameter; staminal column 4 mm. high, anthers 15, (2–)3-seriate, 1 mm. long.. Female flowers: pedicels 3–7 mm. long, extending to 2.5–3 cm. in fruit; sepals linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, acute, stellate-pubescent without, minutely simply pubescent within; petals minute or 0; disc ± as in the ♂ flowers; ovary tridymous, 2 mm. long, 2 mm. diameter, densely stellate-pubescent; styles 1.5–2 mm. long, deeply bifid, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially coarsely papillose, red.. Fruit strongly tridymous, 4–5 mm. long, 8–9 mm. diameter, densely stellate-pubescent, green at first, later becoming bluish or reddish purple.. Seeds ovoid-subglobose, apiculate, 3.5 mm. long, 3 mm. diameter, minutely tuberculate-rugulose or ± smooth, pale grey.. Fig. 28.
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A prostrate, decumbent or ± erect, branched annual or perennial herb up to c. 50 cm high. Stems yellowish or pinkish. Petioles 1-7 cm long. Leaf blades 1.5-7 x 1-5.5 cm, broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, obtuse or rounded at the apex, asymmetrically cuneate, truncate or shallowly cordate at the base, plicate-undulate at first, later ± flat and shallowly repand-dentate or ± entire on the margin, thinly chartaceous, with 2 discoid dark purple glands at the base, 3-5-nerved from the base; leaf upper surface at first incubously bullate, later ± flat; lateral nerves in 2-3 pairs, tertiary nerves arachnoid, scarcely prominent on both surfaces. Stipules 1-2 mm long, subulate. Inflorescences 1.5-3.5 cm long; bracts resembling the stipules. Male flowers: pedicels c. 1 mm long; calyx lobes 3 x 1 mm, lanceolate, acute, stellate-pubescent without, glabrous within; petals 3 x 1 mm, elliptic-oblong, ± obtuse, lepidote without, glabrous within, yellowish-orange or pinkish; disk c. 1 mm in diameter; staminal column 4 mm high, anthers 15 in (2)3 series, 1 mm long. Female flowers: pedicels 3-7 mm long, extending to 1.5-2 cm in fruit; sepals 1.5-2 x 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, acute, stellate-pubescent without, simply puberulous within; petals minute or absent; disk more or less as in the male flowers; ovary 2 x 2 mm, 3-lobed, densely stellate-pubescent; styles 1.5-2 mm long, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially coarsely-papillose, crimson. Fruit 4-5 x 7-9 mm, strongly 3-lobed, densely stellate-pubescent, green at first, later reddish-or bluish-purple. Seeds 3.5 x 3 mm, minutely tuberculate-rugulose or ± smooth; sarcotesta papery when dry, pale grey; sclerotesta dark brownish or blackish.
Leaf blades 1.5–7 × 1–5.5 cm, broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, obtuse or rounded at the apex, asymmetrically cuneate, truncate or shallowly cordate at the base, plicate-undulate at first, later ± flat and shallowly repand-dentate or ± entire on the margin, thinly chartaceous, with 2 discoid dark purple glands at the base, 3–5-nerved from the base; leaf upper surface at first incubously bullate, later ± flat; lateral nerves in 2–3 pairs, tertiary nerves arachnoid, scarcely prominent on both surfaces.
An annual herb. It can lie along the ground or curve upwards. It grows 50 cm high. It has white or grey hairs. The leaves are triangle shaped and 1-4 cm long by 1-3 cm wide. The flowers are opposite the leaves. Male and female flowers are separate. Male flowers are orange-yellow and female flowers are red. The fruit have 3 lobes and are 5 mm long by 9 mm wide. They are reddish-purple when ripe.
Female flowers: pedicels 3–7 mm long, extending to 1.5–2 cm in fruit; sepals 1.5–2 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, acute, stellate-pubescent without, simply puberulous within; petals minute or absent; disk more or less as in the male flowers; ovary 2 × 2 mm, 3-lobed, densely stellate-pubescent; styles 1.5–2 mm long, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially coarsely-papillose, crimson.
Male flowers: pedicels c. 1 mm long; calyx lobes 3 × 1 mm, lanceolate, acute, stellate-pubescent without, glabrous within; petals 3 × 1 mm, elliptic-oblong, ± obtuse, lepidote without, glabrous within, yellowish-orange or pinkish; disk c. 1 mm in diameter; staminal column 4 mm high, anthers 15 in (2)3 series, 1 mm long.
Seeds 3.5 × 3 mm, minutely tuberculate-rugulose or ± smooth; sarcotesta papery when dry, pale grey; sclerotesta dark brownish or blackish.
Fruit 4–5 × 7–9 mm, strongly 3-lobed, densely stellate-pubescent, green at first, later reddish-or bluish-purple.
A prostrate, decumbent or ± erect, branched annual or perennial herb up to c. 50 cm high.
Inflorescences 1.5–3.5 cm long; bracts resembling the stipules.
Stipules 1–2 mm long, subulate.
Stems yellowish or pinkish.
Petioles 1–7 cm long.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Flood plains of rivers, along drainage channels, usually in damp or desiccating black clay soils and alluvial soils, on mudflats and sandbanks, up to 1,200 metres. Also found as a weed of arable land.
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It is a subtropical or Mediterranean plant. It grows in drier areas but in water-logged areas on riverbanks. It grows up to 200 m altitude. In Zimbabwe it grows to 600 m above sea level.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The petals, fruit and sap are used to produce red and blue dyes for colouring liqueurs, wine, pastries and cheese.
Uses animal food dye food additive material medicinal oil vertebrate poison
Edible fruits leaves saps seeds
Therapeutic use Dermatitis (leaf), Paralysis (leaf), Sunstroke (leaf), Depurative (leaf), Cough (root), Gastrointestinal diseases (root), Cathartics (seed), Sunburn (seed), Vitiligo (seed), Dermatitis (stem), Purgative (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Emetics (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Chrozophora plicata unspecified picture

Distribution

Chrozophora plicata world distribution map, present in Central African Republic, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Mali, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, Chad, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60464929-2
WFO ID wfo-0000852646
COL ID 5YK8C
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Tournesol plicata Chrozophora burmanni Chrozophora parvifolia Croton hastatus Chrozophora obliqua Chrozophora obliquifolia Chrozophora plicata Chrozophora prostrata Croton asper Croton lanuginosus Croton moluccanus Croton obliquifolius Croton plicatus Croton tinctorius Chrozophora plicata var. obliquifolia Chrozophora prostrata var. parvifolia Chrozophora obliquifolia