Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner

Robusta coffee (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Rubiaceae > Coffea

Characteristics

Tree or bush 3.5–8.5 m. tall; young branches glabrous, covered with light brown shiny bark.. Leaf-blades oblong-elliptic, broadly elliptic or occasionally obovate to lanceolate, 12–31.5(–40) cm. long, 4.5–12(–22) cm. wide, distinctly acuminate at apex, obtuse to cuneate or sometimes rounded at base, papery to thinly coriaceous, shiny above, margin sometimes undulate in some cultivated forms; lateral nerves (8–)11–15(–17) pairs, main ones sometimes puberulent beneath; domatia rather inconspicuous, pubescent or absent; petiole 0.5–1.8(–2.1) cm. long; stipules deltate, 0.6–1.8 cm. long, obtuse or acute but always exceeded by a mucro.. Flowers 5–6(–7)-merous, 8–30(–48) per axil, borne in 1–4(–7) congested fascicles; peduncle up to 3 (–7 in fruit) mm. long; inflorescence-branches and pedicels compressed in flowering stage so that calyces do not or scarcely exceed the surrounding bracteole; bracteoles stipule-like, with well-developed subfoliaceous lobes, up to 2 cm. long.. Calyx-tube 1–2 mm. long; limb reduced to a rim.. Corolla-tube 0.5–1.6 cm. long, 2–3 mm. wide at throat; lobes oblong, 0.8–1.9 cm. long, 1.8–5.5 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded.. Fruit red, sometimes faintly striped, broadly oblong-ellipsoid, 0.9–1.7 cm. long, 0.6–1.2 cm. wide; disc small, cylindrical, somewhat prominent.. Seeds fawn, 7–13 mm. long, 5.5–9.5 mm. wide.
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Small trees or shrubs, 4-8 m tall; branches flattened becoming subterete, glabrous. Petiole 10-20 mm, glabrous; leaf blade drying thickly papery, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or occasionally ovate-oblong, (12-)15-30(-40) × (4.5-)6-12(-22) cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to obtuse, margins flat or occasionally crisped-undulate, apex acuminate with tip 10-18 mm; secondary veins (8-)10-12(-17) pairs, without domatia or with glabrous foveolate domatia; stipules triangular, 6-18 mm, obtuse to acute, aristate. Inflorescences with cymes 1-3(-7) in each axil, each cyme subcapitate to fasciculate, 3-6-flowered, subsessile to pedunculate with peduncles to 7 mm; bracts cupular, 1-3 mm; pedicels to 2 mm. Calyx glabrous; ovary portion ellipsoid, 1-2 mm; limb reduced or denticulate, 0.1-0.5 mm. Corolla white to pink, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube 5-16 mm; lobes (4 or)5-7(or 8), spatulate to narrowly elliptic, 8-19 mm, obtuse to rounded. Drupe red, subglobose, 10-12 × 10-12 mm, smooth when dry, glabrous. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec.
A larger tree than Arabica coffee. It is an evergreen shrub. It grows to 10 m tall and has thicker, larger leaves. It is shallow rooted with most feeding in the top 12 cm of soil. In heavy shade, trees have a more developed trunk. The leaves are 15-30 cm long by 5-15 cm wide, and rounded at the base, with wavy edges. The midrib is prominent underneath the leaf. There are 8-13 pairs of side veins. The leaf stalk is stout and 1-2 cm long. The flower clusters arise in the axils of leaves on sideways growing, fruiting branches. Normally only 3-4 buds develop in each leaf axils and 2-4 flowers develop on each flower stalk. The flowers are white and have a scent. The flowers have almost no stalk. The fruit are round and 0.8-1.5 cm long by 1.2 cm wide. The fruit are green, but turn red when ripe. They turn black and remain on the tree till harvest. 20-40 fruit can develop at each node. The seed are 7-9 mm long, and flattened on the surface which is pressed together.
An evergreen shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. high
Also cultivated
Flowers white.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5 - 2.5
Mature height (meter) 5.05 - 8.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows more in the lowland tropics. It occurs naturally in rain-forests in Africa from 10°S & N of the equator and from sea level to 1,600 m altitude. In PNG it is mostly below 550 m above sea level. It grows in areas with rainfall from 1000 to 2,500 mm per year. Temperatures in the range 18°C to 32°C are suitable. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Open or dense rain-forest, forest margins and to desert areas, at elevations up to 600 metres.
Spontaneous in the understorey of rainforest
Light 4-6
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The seeds are used for coffee. They are roasted. In some places the fruit are lightly boiled then chewed.
Uses animal food coffee substitute dye environmental use food gene source medicinal seasoning social use
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Central nervous system diseases (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Many plants are grown from seed. They can be grafted onto other rootstock. If clonal cuttings are used, two different clones need to be planted together to ensure good pollination. Plants are spaced at 3 m by 3 m. Light shade is normally helpful. Several of the upright stems are allowed to grow, because some side branches die off.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 42 - 56
Germination temperacture (C°) 23
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Coffea canephora leaf picture by Gnagbo Anthelme (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Coffea canephora fruit picture by Gnagbo Anthelme (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Coffea canephora world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Brazil, Central African Republic, China, Congo, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Jamaica, Liberia, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Sudan, Senegal, Togo, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, and United States of America

Conservation status

Coffea canephora threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747068-1
WFO ID wfo-0000910571
COL ID WVXV
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629390
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Coffea bukobensis Coffea canephora Coffea laurentii Coffea quillon Coffea robusta Coffea ugandae Coffea maclaudi Coffea welwitschii Coffea arabica var. stuhlmannii Coffea canephora var. crassifolia Coffea canephora var. gossweileri Coffea canephora var. hiernii Coffea canephora var. hinaultii Coffea canephora var. kouilouensis Coffea canephora var. laurentii Coffea canephora var. maclaudii Coffea canephora var. muniensis Coffea canephora var. oligoneura Coffea canephora var. opaca Coffea canephora var. sankuruensis Coffea canephora var. stuhlmannii Coffea canephora var. trillesii Coffea canephora var. ugandae Coffea canephora var. welwitschii Coffea canephora var. wildemanii Coffea canephora f. sankuruensis Coffea canephora var. robusta