Colophospermum mopane (j.Kirk ex Benth.) J.léonard

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Colophospermum

Characteristics

Small to medium-sized tree usually 5-12 m high with an erect narrow crown, occasionally up to 22 m high under favourable conditions, or very often a shrub, irregularly deciduous. Bark dark grey or brown, rough, longitudinally fissured. Leaves alternate, with a single pair of large leaflets: petiole (0.6)1.5-4(4.8) cm long, glabrous; leaflets articulated basally, asymmetric, semi-cordate-ovate, (3)4.5-9(12) cm long, (1.4)2.5-5(6.5) cm wide, inner margin slightly convex, outer margin cordate or truncate basally and strongly convex, acute or obtuse apically, coriaceous, with 7-12 prominent nerves arising from the point of attachment, without a midrib, with numerous scattered pellucid gland-dots, smelling of turpentine when crushed; terminal appendage sessile, articulated, up to 5 mm long and 3 mm wide. Stipules up to 5 x 3.5 mm, ovate, soon deciduous. Inflorescence a slender raceme or panicle up to 7 cm long. Flowers small, greenish-white or greenish-yellow, on pedicels 4-8 mm long; bracts minute; bracteoles absent. Flower-buds globose, 3-4 mm in diameter. Sepals 4, the 2 outer ±6x5 mm, the 2 inner ±5.5 x 4.5 mm, reflexed in flower. Petals 0. Stamens 20-25; filaments free, filiform, up to 6 mm long, exserted; anthers 2.5-3 mm long. Ovary ±2 mm long, compressed, glabrous; style lateral; stigma expanded. Pods yellowish-brown, compressed, very shortly stipitate, 3.5-6 cm long, 2-3.2 cm wide, reniform or obliquely ± semi-circular, lightly reticulate, with numerous scattered resin-glands, indehiscent. Seed large, compressed, ±2.5 x 1.4 cm, usually reniform, corrugated, with numerous small sticky reddish resin-glands.
More
Leaves consisting of a petiole, one pair of leaflets, and a small flat appendage 2–4(5) × 1–1.5 mm at the petiole apex on the ventral side; petiole (1)1.5–4(4.8) cm long, glabrous; leaflets (2)4–10(13) × (1.5)2.5–5(6.5) cm, obliquely ovate or lanceolate to falcate-triangular, somewhat asymmetric at the base and with a basal pulvinus broader than long and (7)8–12(14) prominent nerves radiating from it (a distinct midrib lacking), acute to obtuse at the apex, glabrous, coriaceous, with a raised reticulum of secondary veins, with numerous pellucid gland dots; stipules up to 5 × 3.5 mm, ovate, falling very early.
A shrub or tree. It grows 1-30 m high. It loses many leaves during the year. It can have one or many stems. The crown is round. The bark is thick and fibrous. It is dark grey and has deep cracks along it. The leaves are alternate and have 2 leaflets. The leaf stalk is 2-4 cm long. The leaflets do not have stalks. The leaves are like butterfly wings. There are 7-12 veins from the base. The leaves smell of turpentine when crushed. The flowers are in short panicles in the axils of leaves. They are whitish-green. The fruit is a flattened pod. It is almost kidney shaped.
Fruits (2.7)3–4.5(6) × 1.8–2.5(3.2) cm, asymmetrically obovate to laterally reniform (i.e. reniform with the pedicel attached at one side, not in the middle of the curve), rounded distally and with the attachment of the style half to two-thirds of the way along the upper side, compressed, glabrous, straw-coloured with minute sunken glandular flecks of darker brown, usually with raised reticulate venation, indehiscent.
Inflorescences of usually 7–13-flowered axillary racemes up to 7 cm long (including peduncle), simple or sometimes with one or two branches at the base, or occasionally almost forming a panicle towards the ends of branches; bracts broadly ovate to suborbicular, caducous leaving a raised scar below the pedicel; pedicels 4–8 mm long.
Small to medium-sized tree or shrub, up to 12 m high. Leaves with single pair of large leaflets; leaflets articulated basally, asymmetric, semicordate-ovate, 40-90 x-25-50 mm. Pods yellowish brown, compressed, reni-form with numerous, scattered resin glands. Flowers greenish white or greenish yellow.
Small to medium tree 4–15 m tall, or sometimes larger up to 22 m, with 1–several main trunks from the base and rather few main branches diverging at a narrow angle or sometimes remaining stunted as a shrub; bark deeply vertically fissured, often in an elongate-reticulate pattern; deciduous.
Seed filling most of the fruit, compressed, subreniform, with a flattened margin c.1 mm wide, the surface deeply contorted into a pattern of ridges and valleys and pitted with numerous reddish glands, sticky.
Ovary c.3 × 1.5 mm, flat, obovate, rounded at distal end, with style attached on upper margin, glabrous; style c.2 mm long, glabrous; stigma broad, asymmetrically peltate.
Sepals 4, 2 outer enclosing two inner in bud, suborbicular, green or yellowish, scarious towards margins, glabrous, all reflexed in flower.
Stamens 20–25; filaments c.6 mm long, whitish; anthers 1.3–2(2.5) mm long, yellowish.
Flower buds spherical, up to 4(6) mm diameter.
Young branches glabrous, smooth, grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 8.5 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in the lowlands. It grows in hot arid places. It grows from 200-1,200 m altitude. Plants cannot stand cold. It grows in areas with an annual rainfall of 100-800 mm. It needs well-drained soil. It can grow in arid places.
More
The dominant species over great areas in hot, dry, low-lying areas; often found on alluvial soils, but also tolerating alkaline and poorly drained soils. It is found at elevations of 60-1,000 metres, occasionally to 1,300 metres.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

An edible insect the mopane worm occurs on this tree.
Uses animal food charcoal environmental use fiber fodder food fuel gum invertebrate food material medicinal social use timber wood
Edible fruits gums seeds
Therapeutic use Cathartics (leaf), Anthelmintics (root), Epilepsy (root), Epilepsy (stem), Cathartics (wood), Endophthalmitis (wood), Eye diseases (wood), Syphilis (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seeds. The seeds are planted while still in the pod. They are planted shallowly just showing above ground. They germinate in 1-2 weeks. Seeds can be stored for up to 3 years.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 26 - 36
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Distribution

Colophospermum mopane world distribution map, present in South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486795-1
WFO ID wfo-0001057638
COL ID -
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Colophospermum mopane