Combretum apiculatum Sond.

Red bushwillow (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Combretaceae > Combretum

Characteristics

Small tree up to 10 m. high, rarely a shrub; bark grey to greyish black, smooth or reticulated; leaf-buds black or dark brown.. Leaves opposite; lamina subcoriaceous to papyraceous, glutinous when young, broadly to narrowly obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic or ovate to subcircular, 3–14 cm. long, 1.5–7.5 cm. wide, apex usually apiculate or mucronate and usually twisted, base usually rounded to subcordate, mature leaves usually glabrous (except for scales) in E. Africa, sometimes pilose along the midrib and principal nerves beneath, then lamina less than 7 cm. long; scales yellowish red, not contiguous and sometimes inconspicuous due to the glutinous secretions; lateral nerves 5–10 pairs, reticulation rather inconspicuous to prominulous beneath; petiole up to 10 mm. long.. Inflorescences of axillary spikes up to 3–7 cm. long.. Flowers yellow, fragrance if any, not recorded.. Lower receptacle lepidote and otherwise hairy or glabrous; upper receptacle campanulate, 3–4 mm. long, 2.5–3 mm. in diameter, lepidote and otherwise glabrous or pubescent.. Sepals broadly deltate.. Petals obtriangular, 1.2 mm. long and wide, apex ciliate.. Stamen-filaments 5 mm. long, inserted at the margin of the disk; anthers 1.2–1.5 mm. long.. Disk with a pilose scarcely free margin.. Style 4 mm. long.. Fruit (fig. 5/15, p. 16) subcircular to elliptic or oblong-elliptic in outline, 2–3 cm. long, 1.5–2.5 cm. wide, glutinous when young, shiny when mature, lepidote and otherwise glabrous or pubescent; apical peg up to 1 mm. long; wings up to 7 mm. wide; stipe 4–8 mm. long.. Cotyledons 2, arising below soil-level; petiole 4–5 cm. long.. Scales (fig. 2/15, p. 13) 45–75(–90) μ in diameter, scalloped at each marginal cell; cells delimited by (7–)8(–10) radial walls and sometimes also up to 5 tangential walls and rarely with extra radial walls, marginal cells 7–10; cell walls clear and thin, cells not opaque.
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Leaves opposite; lamina 3–13 x 1·5–7·5 cm., glutinous when young, broadly to narrowly obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic or ovate to sub-circular, lepidote (sometimes inconspicuously so) and pubescent or pilose to glabrous (except for scales), apex usually apiculate or mucronate and usually twisted, base usually rounded to subcordate; lateral nerves 5–7 pairs, ± arcuate, reticulation rather inconspicuous to prominulous beneath; petiole up to 10 mm. long, leaving a prominent peg.
A small tree. It loses its leaves during the year. It has several stems. The trunk is short and crooked. The bark is rough and dark grey. It cracks into a grid like pattern. The leaves are opposite. They are simple and broadly oval. The flowers are in spikes in the axils of leaves. They are small and creamy-yellow. The fruit has 4 wings. It is 20-30 mm long by 15-25 mm wide. It is yellowish green.
Scales yellowish-red, usually inconspicuous and often concealed by glutinous excretions, c. 45(50)–75(90)µ in diam., scalloped at each marginal cell; cells delimited by (7)8(10) radial walls and sometimes also up to 5 tangential walls and rarely with extra radial walls, marginal cells 7–10; cell-walls clear and thin, cells ± transparent.
Small semi-deciduous tree 4–10 m. high, rarely a shrub (doubtfully recorded as scandent); crown open, flattened to rounded; bark greyish-black, deeply fissured, scaly; branchlets tomentose to glabrous (except for scales), lepidote; leaf-buds black or dark-brown.
Fruit 2–3 x 1·5–2·5 cm., shiny (glutinous when young), subcircular to elliptic in outline, lepidote, otherwise glabrous or pubescent, apical peg up to 1 mm. long, wings up to 7 mm. broad, stipe 4–8 mm. long.
Lower receptacle 2 mm. long, lepidote and otherwise hairy or glabrous; upper receptacle 3–4 x 2·5–3 mm., campanulate, lepidote and otherwise glabrous or pubescent.
Inflorescences of axillary spikes 3–7 cm. long; rhachis lepidote and otherwise glabrous or hairy; bracts 1·5 x 0·3 mm., caducous.
Cotyledons 2, 2·5–2·8 x 3–4 cm., arising below soil level; petioles 4–5 cm. long.
Petals 1·2 x 1·2 mm., obtriangular, ciliate at the apex.
Stamen-filaments 5 mm. long, anthers 1·2–1·5 mm. long.
Style 5 mm. long, stout, not expanded at the apex.
Disk with a pilose scarcely free margin.
Sepals 0·5–1 mm. long, broadly deltate.
Flowers sessile, yellow.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 6.0 - 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.4
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Dry savannah and savannah woodland especially in rocky places; secondary Baikiaea and Kalahari woodland; mopane termite mounds; Acacia-Combretum-Terminalia tree savannah; dambos and watershed grassland.
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A tropical plant. It grows at low altitude in rocky places in the bushveld. It can grow in dry and salty soils. It grows between 30-1,830 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

A dark red gum is edible. The leaves are used for tea.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use food fuel gum invertebrate food material medicinal social use tea wood
Edible gums leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. The seeds should be removed from their covering and soaked in water for 5-10 hours. Seeds should be planted shallowly. Seeds germinate in 8-16 days. Seedlings should be transplanted when the first true leaf appears.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Combretum apiculatum leaf picture by Lourens v Tonder (cc-by-sa)
Combretum apiculatum leaf picture by Ruan Du Peeez (cc-by-sa)
Combretum apiculatum leaf picture by Mathieu Millan (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Combretum apiculatum world distribution map, present in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Combretum apiculatum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:169913-1
WFO ID wfo-0000616083
COL ID 5ZQ69
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Combretum apiculatum Combretum buchananii Combretum ukamense Combretum apiculatum subsp. boreale Combretum apiculatum subsp. apiculatum

Lower taxons

Combretum apiculatum subsp. leutweinii