Combretum erythrophyllum Sond.

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Combretaceae > Combretum

Characteristics

A medium sized tree. It is spreading. It grows to 12 m high. The crown is densely covered with leaves. There are often several stems from the base. The trunk can recline and overhang the water. The bark is pale grey and smooth and flaking. As it flakes paler patches are exposed giving it a mottled appearance. The leaves can be in rings of 3. They are oval and 10 cm long by 5 cm wide. The lower surface is hairy. The young leaves are yellowish while the mature leaves are green. They can turn red in autumn. They taper to both ends. The flowers are yellow and in dense spikes in the axils of leaves. They almost form round heads and are 10 mm across. The fruit have 4 wings. They are 1-1.5 cm long and with a peg at the end. The young fruit are shiny but dry to a brown colour.
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Tree or shrub, 1-12 m high, spreading, densely foliaged. Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, light to medium green, very seldom dark green; lamina often slightly twisted, margins occasionally, slightly wavy, lower surface distinctly hairy, at least on midrib and secondary veins, rarely glabrous; lower intersecondary veins raised. Inflorescence a subcapitulate spike, 15-20 mm long. Flowers with lower receptacle densely pubescent; upper receptacle ± campanulate; pedicels absent. Flowering time Aug.-Nov. Fruit 4-winged, yellowish green, rarely tinged pink.
Figures by Engler and Diels (loc. cit.) show a markedly 2-seriate insertion of the stamens but in all the flowers I have dissected they appear to be very nearly 1-seriate and close to the margin of the disk. The petals are very variable in shape though fairly constant in the flowers of an individual. This kind of variation commonly occurs in species of Combretum and often appears to be without taxonomic significance though in some other cases the shape of the petal may be quite a useful character.
Leaves subopposite or occasionally 3-verticillate; lamina sometimes pale-yellow when young, usually c. 5 x 2 cm., elliptic, rather inconspicuously lepidote on both surfaces otherwise nearly glabrous above except for variable hairiness on the midrib and nerves, tomentose to nearly glabrous beneath, apex usually acute and mucronate, base cuneate; lateral nerves 6–8(12) pairs; petiole 1–4 mm. long, tomentose.
Lower receptacle 1·5–2·5 x 1 mm., usually tomentose rarely pubescent; upper receptacle 2–2·5 x 3 mm., broadly campanulate, pubescent to densely pubescent, with some scales visible when the indumentum is not too dense.
Inflorescences usually of unbranched axillary spikes up to 2(3) cm. long, rarely forming short panicles by the suppression of leaves on short shoots; rhachis and peduncles usually tomentose more rarely glabrescent.
Fruit 1·3 x 1 cm., subcircular to broadly elliptic in outline, lepidote and pubescent, apical peg absent, wings c. 5 mm. wide, slightly decurrent at the base, stipe up to 7 mm. long.
Tree, 10(-19) m high. Leaves pubescent to tomentose beneath, at least on midrib and secondary veins. Fruit 15 mm long. Flowers pubescent to tomentose, cream or yellow.
Petals c. 1·5 x 1 mm., obovate, narrowly obovate, spathulate or narrowly elliptic, sometimes emarginate, unguiculate, glabrous.
Small to large spreading tree; young branchlets tomentose with rather persistent indumentum, pinkish after shedding the bark.
Scales as for the section, almost always some with at least 12 primary walls.
Disk 1·5 x l, cupuliform, glabrous, with a pilose margin free for c. 0·5 mm.
Sepals c. 1 x 1·3–1·5 mm., debate to broadly debate.
Stamen-filaments 5 mm. long; anthers 1 mm. long.
Flowers cream or yellow, usually ± congested.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows along river banks and can form thick stands. It is drought resistant. It will grow in most soils. It needs a sunny position. It is damaged by frost. It grows between 15-1,525 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 10-11. In Brisbane Botanical Garden.
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Dry woodland or savannah, especially on river banks; occasional on copper-bearing soils-it is common at low and medium altitudes but occurring up to 1,500 metres.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 8-10
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

Caution: The fruit and seeds are poisonous.
Uses animal food dye environmental use food fuel gum material medicinal poison wood
Edible gums
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. The seeds germinate easily. It can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Combretum erythrophyllum leaf picture by tembela paqula (cc-by-sa)
Combretum erythrophyllum leaf picture by PercyWarX Videos (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Combretum erythrophyllum world distribution map, present in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, eSwatini, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Combretum erythrophyllum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170067-1
WFO ID wfo-0000616274
COL ID 5ZPL2
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Combretum erythrophyllum Combretum glomeruliflorum Combretum riparium Combretum sonderi Combretum lydenburgianum Terminalia erythrophylla