Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Combretaceae > Combretum

Characteristics

Generally a small tree 5–7 m. high, sometimes 10–17 m. high, sometimes shrubby; bark dark grey to black, rough, reticulately fissured (resembling crocodile skin); branchlets with bark peeling in grey fibrous strips.. Leaves opposite (sometimes 3-verticillate in coppice regrowth); lamina generally coriaceous, sometimes papyraceous (variant “A”), narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate-elliptic or ovate-triangular or broadly ovate-elliptic or obovate or obovate-elliptic, up to 21 cm. long and 12.5 cm. wide, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate or rounded or cordate, typically pubescent above and densely grey tomentose beneath, sometimes indumentum a dark velvety brown on the old leaves and pinkish on the young leaves, some forms almost glabrous above and pubescent beneath or glabrous on both surfaces (except for the scales); scales silvery or reddish, contiguous or almost so, but often hidden by the indumentum; lateral nerves 6–12 pairs, the parallel reticulation usually very prominent beneath (but less so in apparently transitional forms); petiole usually 2–3 mm. long.. Inflorescences of axillary spikes up to 7(–11) cm. long, occasionally forming panicles by suppression of the upper leaves; peduncles 1–2 cm. long, pubescent.. Flowers yellow or greenish yellow, fragrant.. Lower receptacle tomentose; upper receptacle campanulate, 1.5–3 mm. long, 2–3 mm. in diameter, tomentose, lepidote.. Sepals broadly deltate.. Petals sometimes minute or absent, irregularly obovate-deltate to reniform, 0.5–1 mm. long and wide, apex ciliate.. Stamen-filaments 5–6 mm. long, inserted at the margin of the disk; anthers 1 mm. long.. Disk with a very short pilose free margin less than 0.5 mm. wide.. Style 3–5 mm. long.. Fruit (fig. 5/14, p. 16) subcircular to elliptic in outline, 1.3–2.3(–2.5) cm. long, 1.5–2.3(–2.5) cm. wide, pale straw coloured to yellow-brown, lepidote and tomentose (especially on the body) to nearly glabrous (except for the scales); wings papyraceous (especially variant “A”); apical peg up to 1 mm. long; stipe 2.5 mm. long.. Cotyledons 2, arising at or below soil-level.. Scales (fig. 2/14, p. 13) discoid with marginal cells usually concave, ± (75–)90–120 (–130) μ in diameter, usually with 8 radial walls and typically 8 (rarely 0) tangential walls and sometimes with many to several extra radial walls; marginal cells 8–11 (–16); cell walls clear and usually very thick; cells usually opaque.
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Leaves opposite; lamina up to 14(16) x 9 cm., narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate-elliptic or obovate or obovate-elliptic, typically densely grey-tomentose (often drying dark-velvety-brown) but almost glabrous in some forms, lepidote but scales often hidden by the indumentum, reticulation usually very prominent beneath (but less so in some apparently transitional forms), apex acute or obtuse and often mucronate or apiculate, base usually rounded to subcordate; lateral nerves 6–12 pairs; petiole usually 2–3 mm. long (up to 9 mm.) leaving after leaf-fall rather prominent circular projections on the stem.
Semideciduous tree or shrub, up to 10 m high. Bark of young branchlets coming off in untidy irregular fibrous strips or threads. Leaves opposite; blade narrowly to broadly elliptic, occasionally broadly obovate, 60-170 x 40-110 mm, apex acute, densely greyish tomentose, net-veining prominent on lower surface, veins distinctly sunken above. Flowers: in axillary spikes; corolla yellow or greenish yellow; Aug.-Nov., Feb. Fruit 4-winged, 15-20 mm long, yellowish green flushed red, drying to golden reddish brown.
Scales ± contiguous on the areolae of the lower surface of the leaf, c. 75(90)–120(130)µ in diam., ± circular with marginal cells usually concave, usually with 8 radial walls and typically 8 (rarely 0) tangential walls and sometimes with many to several extra radial walls; marginal cells 8–11(16); cell-walls clear and usually very thick; cells usually opaque.
A shrub or small tree. It grows 10 m high. The leaves are oval and 11 cm long by 7 cm wide. They are rusty velvet on both surfaces. The flowers often appear before the leaves. The flowers can occur singly or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. The fruit are 2 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. They have gland dots over them.
Fruit 1·5–2(2·5) x 1·5–2(2·5) cm., subcircular to elliptic in outline, lepidote and tomentose (especially on the body) to nearly glabrous (except for scales), apical peg up to 1 mm. long (often much shorter), wings 5–7 mm. broad, stipe 2–3(5) mm. long.
Semi-deciduous tree usually up to 8(17) m. high or shrub; crown rounded to flat-rounded; bark black-brown to grey-brown, rough, fissured; branchlets tomentose to almost glabrous with bark coming off in fibrous strips.
Semideciduous tree or shrub, up to 10 m high. Bark of young branchlets coming off in untidy irregular fibrous strips or threads. Leaves densely grey-tomentose. Fruit 20 mm long. Flowers yellow or greenish yellow.
Inflorescences of axillary spikes up to 7(11) cm. long occasionally forming panicles by suppression of the upper leaves; rhachis tomentose; bracts 1–2 mm. long, filiform, caducous; peduncles 1–2 cm. long.
Cotyledons 2, 2·5 x 2·5–3·5 cm., subcircular to transversely elliptic, arising at or below soil level; petioles 3·5–4 cm. long.
Petals 0·5–1 x 0·5–1 mm., sometimes minute or absent, irregularly obovate-deltate to reniform, ciliate at the apex.
Lower receptacle 1·5–2 mm. long, tomentose; upper receptacle 1·3–3 x 2–3 mm., campanulate, tomentose.
Stamen-filaments 5–6 mm. long, inserted at the edge of the disk; anthers 1 mm. long.
Savannah tree with relatively straight bole, to 30 ft. (rarely to 50 ft.) high
Disk with a very short pilose free margin less than 0·5 mm. long.
Characteristic dark grey deeply fissured bark
Style 5 mm. long, not expanded at the apex.
Flowers sessile, yellow or greenish-yellow.
Sepals 0·5–1 mm. long, broadly deltate.
Petals and stamens cream.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 9.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Savannah woodland, forest margins with Pteleopsis myrtifolia and Erythrophleum suaveolens, termite mounds; on heavy soils and on nickeliferous, cupriferous and graphitic soils; rocky slopes or outcrops; at elevations of 30-2,300 metres.
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It is a tropical plant. It grows on dry stony ground. It grows in savannah and woodland. In grows up to 2,300 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The root is used for tea and in soup. They are cut up and cooked as a vegetable. The plant is also used flavour beer and drinks.
Uses animal food bee plant charcoal dye environmental use fodder food food additive fuel gum invertebrate food material medicinal poison social use tea vertebrate poison wood
Edible gums roots
Therapeutic use Dysentery (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be cut back and will re-grow.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Combretum molle habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle habit picture by Leigh Winowiecki (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Combretum molle leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle leaf picture by Davis Mondet (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Combretum molle flower picture by Bertus Franken (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle flower picture by Susan Brown (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle flower picture by Susan Brown (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Combretum molle fruit picture by pascal revault (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle fruit picture by pascal revault (cc-by-sa)
Combretum molle fruit picture by Bertus Franken (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Combretum molle world distribution map, present in Angola, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, eSwatini, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Combretum molle threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170290-1
WFO ID wfo-0000616553
COL ID 5ZQXD
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Terminalia hirta Combretum ankolense Combretum atelanthum Combretum bricchettii Combretum minimipetalum Combretum punctatum Combretum tenuispiscatum Combretum arbuscula Combretum arengense Combretum dekindtiana Combretum deserti Combretum ellipticum Combretum galpinii Combretum gondense Combretum hobol Combretum holosericeum Combretum holtzii Combretum insculptum Combretum lepidotum Combretum microlepidotum Combretum petitianum Combretum richardianum Combretum schelei Combretum schimperianum Combretum sokodense Combretum somalense Combretum sublancifolium Combretum velutinum Combretum welwitschii Combretum boehmii Combretum ferrugineum Combretum gueinzii Combretum nyikae Combretum obtusatum Combretum quartinianum Combretum splendens Combretum trichanthum Combretum rueppellianum Combretum ulugurense Combretum molle