Combretum paniculatum Vent.

Fire vine (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Combretaceae > Combretum

Characteristics

A vigorous climber or scrambling or ± prostrate shrub; branchlets usually rufous tomentose at first, becoming glabrescent.. Leaves opposite; lamina chartaceous, subcircular, oblong-elliptic, ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, up to 18 cm. long and 9.5 cm. wide, apex rounded or acuminate, base obtuse to subcordate, either glabrous or nearly so (in East Africa) or greyish (drying silvery) or fulvous tomentose when young and becoming glabrescent; lateral nerves 4–8 pairs; petiole up to 3 cm. long, base often persistent and becoming spiny.. Inflorescence of terminal or axillary panicles usually appearing before the leaves; rhachis usually fuscous or fulvous tomentose; bracts ± 2 mm. long, often transitional to foliage leaves.. Flowers (fig. 6/29, p. 50)red, 4-or 5-merous.. Lower receptacle up to 4(–5) mm. long, usually somewhat constricted above and below the ovary, densely fulvous or rufous pubescent (more rarely silvery sericeous tomentose); upper receptacle campanulate (sometimes almost cup-shaped in W. Africa), 2.5–6.5(–8) mm. long, 2–4 mm. wide, (in E. Africa the 4-merous forms range from 3–6 mm. long, the 5-merous from (4.5–)5–6(–8) mm. long), densely to lightly fulvous or rufous or greyish or silvery pubescent, often becoming glabrescent (the 5-merous forms are invariably glabrescent).. Sepals variable, from almost inconspicuous to triangular.. Petals red, subcircular to ovate, usually somewhat overlapping at first and ± connivent, ± 2.5 mm. long and wide, glabrous.. Stamen-filaments 7–18 mm. long, usually red; anthers 0.9 mm. long, red or purplish.. Disk inconspicuous, without a free margin.. Fruit (fig. 7/29, p. 51) 4-or 5-winged, subcircular to oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic in outline, 2–4(–5) cm. long, 1.5–4 cm. wide, body sparsely pubescent to glabrous; wings thin; stipe 5–10 mm. long.
More
It is usually a vigorous climber or scrambling bush. It can be a small tree 3-4 m high. The bark is grey to pale brown. The leaves are opposite and oval. They are 18 cm long by 9.5 cm wide. They are thinly leathery. They are glossy dark green but paler underneath. The veins are yellow and like a net. The base has shallow lobes. The leaf stalk is 3 cm long. The flowers are bright red with very red stamens. The petals are 2.5 mm across. The flowers are in small clusters but the large number along the stem create a showy display. The fruit are 4 winged. They are 2 cm across. They are pink or red when young and dry to a pale brown.
Lower receptacle up to 4(5) mm. long, usually somewhat constricted above and below the ovary, densely fulvous-or rufous-(more rarely silvery-)pubescent; upper receptacle 4–5 x 2–3 mm. (in our area), campanulate, densely fulvous-or rufous-(or more rarely silvery-) pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous towards the apex.
Leaves opposite; lamina up to 12(18) x 8(9·5) cm., usually c. 1 1/2 times as long as broad, chartaceous, oblong-elliptic, usually glabrous or nearly so, apex rounded or acuminate, base obtuse to subcordate; lateral nerves 4–6(8) pairs; petiole up to 3 cm. long, the base often persistent and becoming spiny.
Usually a vigorous evergreen climber or a scrambling shrub in absence of support (occasionally a bush—perhaps intermediates or hybrids with C. platypetalum); bark grey to grey-black; branchlets usually rufous-tomentose at first but soon glabrescent.
Fruit 4(5)-winged, 2–2·5 x 1·5–2 cm. (in our area, sometimes larger elsewhere), subcircular to oblong-elliptic in outline, sparsely pubescent on the body, apical peg usually absent, wings up to 9 mm. broad, thin, stipe 5–10 mm. long.
Inflorescences terminal or axillary panicles; rhachis usually fuscous-or fulvous-tomentose; bracts c. 4 mm. long, very narrowly ovate-elliptic.
Petals red, c. 2·5 x 2·5 mm., subcircular to ovate, usually somewhat overlapping at first and ± connivent.
Scandent to scrambling shrub or robust liane with bright red flowers. Description pending.
Stamen-filaments 7–8 mm. long, usually red; anthers 0·9 mm. long, red or purplish.
Petals and stamens bright red; flowers often produced when plant is leafless.
Flowers red, 4(5)-merous, sessile or very shortly pedicellate.
Sepals usually reduced to short teeth, sometimes triangular.
Disk rather inconspicuous, without a free margin.
Scandent shrub, becoming lofty liane in forest
Petioles becoming spines
Style 6–8 mm. long.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support climber
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0 - 11.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in areas of high rainfall on the edges of evergreen forest. It also grows in savannah woodland. In Malawi it grows between 600-1,600 m altitude. It is damaged by drought and frost. It can tolerate flooding. It can grow in arid places.
More
Recorded from old gardens, cultivated areas, disturbed bushland and cleared scrub near old homesites/gardens, and spreading from plantings.
Soudanian humid forest and into savannah fringing forest. Gallery forests.
Extending into the savannah regions in fringing forest and thickets
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 3-5
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

Cultivated as an ornamental. Various medicinal uses, parts eaten as a food, produces a dye, and stems used to make a rope (see Schmelzer 2012, Fern 2021).
More
The leaves are added to soups and as a potherb. The stem sap is used as a drink.
Uses dye environmental use food gene source material medicinal ornamental potherb social use wood
Edible flowers leaves nectars
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by seeds or cuttings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Combretum paniculatum leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Combretum paniculatum leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Combretum paniculatum flower picture by Steve Morris (cc-by-sa)
Combretum paniculatum flower picture by Steve Morris (cc-by-sa)
Combretum paniculatum flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Combretum paniculatum world distribution map, present in Angola, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
WFO ID wfo-0000616624
COL ID 5ZR9P
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Combretum bruneelii Combretum pincianum Combretum seretii Combretum abbreviatum Combretum buvumense Combretum carvalhi Combretum lemairei Combretum spinosum Combretum thonneri Combretum unyorense Combretum virgultosum Combretum ramosissimum Combretum paniculatum var. vanderystii Combretum seretii var. grandiflorum Combretum thonneri var. laurentii Combretum paniculatum