Cotula australis Hook.F.

Australian waterbuttons (en), Cotule australe (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Asterales > Asteraceae > Cotula

Characteristics

Annual herb, prostrate with ascending stems, 3–25 cm long; stems terete, thinly pubescent.. Leaves alternate, bipinnatifid, the outline oblanceolate, 1–7 cm long, 0.6–2 cm wide, the base half-amplexicaul with a few short lobes, followed by a pseudopetiole, the distal part expanded and with lanceolate, apiculate segments, the final segments to 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, thinly pubescent.. Capitula terminal, solitary, 2–4 mm long, 3-6 mm diameter; capitulum stalk filiform, 1.5–7.5 cm long, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, pubescent; phyllaries 2-seriate, 8–18, elliptic, 1.5–2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, obtuse, sparsely pubescent, green with a paler scarious margin; receptacle convex, tuberculate.. Outer florets 2–3-seriate, up to 50, stalked for up to 1 mm, without a corolla, the ovary dorsiventrally flattened, 0.8–1.5 mm long, 0.6–1.2 mm wide including the rather thick wings, tuberculate except for the wings, topped by a style 0.2–0.6 mm long; inner florets 10–50, white or yellow-green, sessile or on a stalk of up to 0.3 mm long, hermaphrodite, the corolla tube ± 0.6 mm long, the 4 lobes ± 0.3 mm long, style 0.6–0.7 mm long, anthers 0.3 mm long.. Achenes dimorphic, those of the outer florets elliptic to slightly obovate, winged, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.6–1.2 mm wide including wings of ± 0.2 mm, ± 0.3 mm thick; those of inner florets obovoid, hardly compressed, not winged, 0.8–1 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter.
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Annual herb up to c. 20 cm tall, often much shorter, well branched from the base, stems decumbent, thinly villous, leafy. Leaves up to 6 x 2 cm, roughly oblong in outline, at least the lower ones bipinnatisect, the lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, often glabrous above, thinly villous below, base dilated and half-clasping, sometimes toothed. Heads heterogamous, depressed-globose, c. 5 mm across, solitary on nude axillary and terminal peduncles up to c. 8 cm long, much exceeding the leaves, hairs below the heads appressed-ascending. Involucral bracts more or less uniseriate, margins broad, scarious, glabrous, midline with sparse appressed hairs. Receptacle tubercled from persistent pedicels, those of the outer, female, flowers in c. 3 series, long, of the hermaphrodite flowers very short. Corollas of female flowers much reduced, of hermaphrodite flowers whitish, nondescript. Achenes of female flowers c. 1.5 mm long, compressed, broadly winged, both faces alike, glandular, of hermaphrodite flowers c. 1 mm long, flattened on inner face, convex on outer, margined but not winged, glandular or not, viscid.
Ascending to erect, slender annual up to 10-(15) cm tall. Stems terete, much-branched from base and above, sparsely to densely clothed in long hairs, up to 20-(40) cm long, not rooting at nodes. Lvs membranous, sparsely to moderately hairy, spathulate, deeply 1-2-pinnatisect, (5)-10-35-(50) mm long; lowermost lvs opposite, petiolate, amplexicaul; lvs above becoming alternate, smaller, apetiolate, and 1-pinnatisect. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 2-3 mm long. Capitula solitary, pale yellow, 3-5-(6) mm diam.; peduncle sparsely to densely clothed in antrorse hairs, very slightly expanded at apex but solid, (1)-3-6 cm long, 0.5-1 mm diam.; ♀ florets in 2-3 rows, pedicellate, lacking any corolla; ☿ florets (15)-30-40-(50), subsessile, with tubular corolla. Achenes of ♀ florets flattened, 1.2-1.5 × 0.7-1 mm, hairy on both surfaces; lateral angles with thin, glabrous, entire, marginal wings. Achenes of ☿ florets flattened on inner surface, c. 0.9-1.1 × 0.4-0.5 mm, glabrous; lateral angles thinly ribbed.
Annuals or short-lived perennials to c. 10 cm high. Stems moderately hairy, with hairs antrorse-divergent to spreading. Leaves to c. 4 cm long, 1-or 2-pinnatisect, moderately hairy. Capitulum 2–8 mm diam.; peduncle mostly 2–8 cm long, c. 0.1–0.6 mm wide (pressed specimens), hardly obconical at maturity, moderately hirsute at anthesis, with hairs antrorse, appressed to divergent; involucral bracts 5–20, oblong to oblong-ovate, 1.5–3 mm long, rounded apically. Marginal florets numerous, multi-seriate, with pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. Disc florets bisexual, 15–25, with pedicels hardly longer than wide; corolla c. 0.5 mm long; limb pale yellow to white. Achenes of marginal florets c. 1–1.5 mm long; faces oblong, minutely papillose; wings fleshy, slightly narrower than face. Achenes of disc florets c. 1 mm long; faces oblong, glabrous. [See also Green (1994).]
Annual herb, up to 200 mm high; erect or decumbent. Leaves alternate, petiolate; blade oblong in outline, bipinnatisect, segments linear, acute, margins entire or sometimes dentate, thinly pubescent. Heads disciform, solitary, terminal, pedunculate; peduncles much exceeding leaves, hairs below heads appressed-ascending. Involucral bracts 1-or 2-seriate, elliptic with scarious margins. Receptacle epaleate. Flowers: outer female florets stalked, 2-or 3-seriate, corolla absent or much reduced; disc florets stalked, 4-lobed; whitish; Oct. Fruit with cypsela of outer female florets dorsiventrally flattened, winged; of disc florets dorsiventrally flattened, margined but not winged. Pappus absent.
Annual, erect or decumbent herb, up to 200 mm high. Leaves alternate, bipinnatisect, glabrous above, thinly villous below, base half-clasping. Capitula disciform, solitary, terminal and axillary, pedunculate; peduncles much exceeding leaves, hairs below capitula appressed-ascending; involucral bracts ± uniseriate, margins scarious, glabrous but with some hairs along midline. Outer female florets in ± 3 series, corolla wanting. Disc florets bisexual, corolla tubular below, globose-campanulate above, 4-lobed, whitish. Flowering time July-Oct. Pappus absent. Cypselae of female florets compressed, winged, of disc florets margined but not winged.
Annuals, 2–10(–25+) cm. Stems branched ± throughout, ± strigillose to villous, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate or sessile; blades obovate to spatulate, 2–3-pinnately lobed (ultimate lobes narrowly spatulate to linear), (1–)2–3(–6) cm. Involucres 3–4(–6) mm diam. Phyllaries 13–22+ in 2–3 series, subequal (apices brown). Ray florets 0 (peripheral pistillate florets 8–80+ in 1–3+ series; corollas 0). Disc corollas ochroleucous to pale yellow, 0.5–0.8 mm. Cypselae: outer stalked, 1–1.2 mm, ± winged, faces ± papillate; inner sessile, 0.8–1 mm, not winged, not papillate. 2n = 36, 40.
Slender weak diffusely branched annual or winter annual up to ± 10 cm. tall, us. bearing lax spreading hairs. Lvs ± 12-30 mm. long, membr., ± oblong, pinnatisect to bipinnatisect; segs linear, entire, acute, sts apiculate. Scapes very slender; capitula ± 2.5-5 mm. diam.; phyll. in c. 2 series, narrow-oblong, obtuse. Florets white; ♀ ∞, in c. 3 series, on very slender pedicels; disk-florets perfect, very few. Achenes obovoid, glandular, wings thick.
Prostrate or ascending annual, up to 250 mm long. Leaves bipinnatifid, oblanceolate in outline, thinly pubescent. Flowerheads disciform, solitary, on long peduncles; outer florets female, in 3 series, corolla absent; disc florets bisexual, white or yellow-green. Cypselas of female florets elliptic, winged, of disc florets obovoid, not winged; pappus absent.
Annual, erect or decumbent herb, up to 200 mm tall. Peduncles much exceeding leaves, hairs below heads appressed-ascending. Female flowers in ± 3 series. Corolla wanting or much reduced in outer, female flowers. Flowers whitish; October, March and June.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.2
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Grows in moist environments. A common weed of urban environments. On Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands found in lowland areas, particularly where there is open soil (Green 1994).
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-12

Usage

Uses -
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) 14 - 42
Germination temperacture (C°) 10
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Cotula australis leaf picture by Monteiro Henrique (cc-by-sa)
Cotula australis leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Cotula australis leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cotula australis flower picture by Rachel Rose (cc-by-sa)
Cotula australis flower picture by Rachel Rose (cc-by-sa)
Cotula australis flower picture by Alfredo (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cotula australis world distribution map, present in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Guatemala, India, Italy, Sri Lanka, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, Peru, Portugal, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Uruguay, United States of America, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:198427-1
WFO ID wfo-0000031494
COL ID YYM5
BDTFX ID 19245
INPN ID 92722
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Lancisia australis Cotula venosa Anacyclus australis Strongylosperma australe Cotula australis