Crotalaria juncea L.

Sunn hemp (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Crotalaria

Characteristics

Erect laxly branched annual, up to 1·6 m. tall.. Stem ribbed, appressed pubescent.. Leaves simple; blade oblong-lanceolate, up to 75–130 mm. long, 14–22 mm. wide, narrowed to the rounded apex, thinly appressed pilose above, more conspicuously so beneath; petiole 3–5 mm. long.. Stipules filiform, ± 2 mm. long.. Racemes lax, up to 10–25 cm. long, ± 8–20-flowered; bracts elliptic, acuminate, 3–5 mm. long; bracteoles inserted at the base of the calyx, linear, 2–5 mm. long.. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, 16–20 mm. long, brownish tomentellous, with other longer hairs interspersed; upper lobes narrowly attenuate oblong, up to 3–4 times as long as the tube.. Standard elliptic to suborbicular, bright yellow, faintly reddish marked, with scattered hairs outside; wings a little shorter than the keel; keel abruptly rounded in the lower quarter, with a long slightly incurved twisted beak, 17–20 mm. long.. Pod subsessile, cylindrical, up to 32–55 mm. long, 12–17 mm. across, tomentose with mostly short spreading hairs, ± 6-seeded.. Seeds oblique-cordiform, with the narrow end strongly incurved, up to 6 mm. long, smooth to papillose around the hilum, very dark brown to black.
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Erect laxly branched annual to 1.5(-3) m; stem ribbed, appressed pubescent. Leaves simple; blade oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 x 0.5-3 cm, finely appressed pubescent on both surfaces, more densely beneath; petiole 3-5 mm long. Stipules filiform, 1-2 mm long. Racemes lax, 10-50 cm long, 6-20-flowered; bracts elliptic, acuminate, 3-5 mm long; bracteoles at the base of the calyx, linear, 2-5 mm long. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, 1.6-2 cm long, brownish tomentellous, with other longer hairs interspersed; upper lobes narrowly attenuate-triangular, 3-4 times as long as the tube. Standard elliptic to subcircular, bright yellow, faintly reddish marked, with scattered hairs outside; wings a little shorter than the keel; keel subangular, with a long slightly incurved twisted beak, 1.7-2.2 cm long. Legume subsessile, cylindrical, 3-5.5 x 1.2-1.7 cm, velvety tomentose, 6-12-seeded. Seeds oblique-cordiform, with the radicular lobe strongly incurved, 6-7 mm long, smooth to papillose around the hilum, very dark brown to black.
Herbs, erect, 50-100 cm tall. Branches terete, ribbed, appressed silky pubescent. Stipules linear, ca. 2 mm, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole 3-5 mm; leaf blade oblong to linear-lanceolate, 6-12 × 0.5-2 cm, both surfaces pilose but abaxially more densely so, base attenuate, apex acuminate and mucro­nate. Racemes terminal, 10-20-flowered; bracts linear, 3-4 mm. Pedicel 5-8 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, shorter than bracts, densely pubescent. Calyx 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm, parted almost to base, densely rusty pilose; lobes lanceo­late, curved. Corolla yellow; standard oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings obovate-oblong, 1.5-2 cm; keel subangular, slightly longer than wings, apex with a long slightly incurved twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Legume sub­sessile, cylindric, 2-4 × 1.2-1.7 cm, 10-15-seeded, rusty pubes­cent. Seeds smooth to papillose around hilum. Fl. Aug-Dec, fr. Jan-May.
An evergreen shrub. It grows to 2.5 m high and spreads to 2 m across. The stem is erect, with silky hairs on the branches. The plant has a strong taproot. The roots have root nodules which have branches and lobes, and are 25 mm across. The leaves are narrow, simple and spirally arranged. The leaves can be 12 cm long and with short leaf stalks. The flowers are bright yellow and pea shaped. They occur in clusters of up to 20 blooms. The fruit is a short, inflated, light yellow pod. It is about 3 cm long and 1 cm wide. It is covered with soft hairs, has a groove on the upper surface and a beak at the end. The mature seeds are loose in the pod. They are dark grey, broad and flattened and hooked.
Standard elliptic to subcircular, bright yellow, faintly reddish marked or tinged, with scattered hairs outside; wings a little shorter than the keel; keel 1.7–2.2 cm long, subangular, with a long slightly incurved twisted beak.
Leaves simple; blade 6–15 × 0.5–3 cm, oblong-lanceolate, finely appressed pubescent on both surfaces, more conspicuously so beneath; petiole 3–5 mm long; stipules 1–2 mm long, filiform.
Calyx 1.6–2 cm long, slightly 2-lipped, brownish tomentellous, with longer hairs interspersed; upper lobes narrowly attenuate-triangular, up to 3–4 times as long as the tube.
Seeds 6–7 mm long, oblique-cordiform, with the radicular lobe strongly incurved, smooth to papillose around the hilum, dark brown to black.
Racemes 10–50 cm long, laxly 6–20-flowered; bracts 3–5 mm long, elliptic, acuminate; bracteoles at base of the calyx, 2–5 mm long, linear.
Erect laxly branched annual, up to 1.5(3) m tall; stem ribbed, appressed pubescent.
Pod subsessile, 3–5.5 × 1.2–1.7 cm, cylindrical, velvety tomentose, 6–12-seeded.
Life form annual
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 1.55 - 1.6
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.95
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It prefers light to medium well drained soils. It needs an open sunny position. It is drought resistant but frost tender. In Nepal it grows to about 1300 m altitude. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Sparse forests, along trails; at elevations below 100-200 metres.
Light 7-8
Soil humidity 5-8
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The leaves have been recorded as being eaten. The flowers are pickled. They are also cooked with meat and fish.
Uses animal food coffee substitute environmental use fiber fodder food forage green manure material medicinal poison social use wood
Edible flowers leaves pods
Therapeutic use Insecticides (flower), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Antiemetics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antinematodal agents (leaf), Antiviral agents (leaf), Cholinergic antagonists (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Colic (root), Abortifacient agents (seed), Contraceptive agents (seed), Hemagglutination (seed), Hematologic diseases (seed), Impetigo (seed), Leukemia (seed), Menstruation-inducing agents (seed), Anti-poisoning (seed), Psoriasis (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Depurative (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Impetigo (unspecified), Psoriasis (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. Seed need treatment to break the hard seed coat before planting. Plants can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 21 - 30
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 23
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Crotalaria juncea leaf picture by Augustin Soulard (cc-by-sa)
Crotalaria juncea leaf picture by JP Corrêa Carvalho (cc-by-sa)
Crotalaria juncea leaf picture by Goustan Bodin (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Crotalaria juncea flower picture by Insha Akber (cc-by-sa)
Crotalaria juncea flower picture by Jean-Alain Fontaine (cc-by-sa)
Crotalaria juncea flower picture by Abdul Azim Che (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Crotalaria juncea fruit picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Crotalaria juncea fruit picture by rakshith pawar (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Crotalaria juncea world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Martinique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nigeria, Niue, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Senegal, Singapore, Suriname, Seychelles, Togo, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:322601-2
WFO ID wfo-0000210925
COL ID ZNML
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629453
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Crotalaria porrecta Crotalaria benghalensis Crotalaria sericea Crotalaria ferestrata Crotalaria tenuifolia Crotalaria fenestrata Crotalaria cannabinus Isotropis argentea Crotalaria viminea Crotalaria juncea