Trees or shrubs to 50 m tall; trunk to 3 m d.b.h.; bark dark gray to dark brown, or reddish brown, longitudinally fissured, cracking into irregular flakes; crown pyramidal. Leaves glossy deep green adaxially, narrowly linear-lanceolate, straight or slightly falcate, 0.8-6.5(-7) cm × 1.5-5 mm, midvein green abaxially, 0.3-1.2 mm wide, flat with median longitudinal keel throughout, stomatal bands present on both surfaces, bands on adaxial surface 0.5-1.5 mm wide, of 7-28 rows of stomatal, white powdery or not, bands on abaxial surface 1.2-2.8 mm apart, 0.3-0.8(-1) mm from leaf margin, not or rarely white powdery, base decurrent, margin denticulate, sometimes indistinctly so, especially on old trees, with 18-55(-90) teeth per side, apex usually symmetric and spinescent, spine 0.3-2 mm. Pollen cone fascicles terminal, 1-3(-5) together, broadly obovoid, each of 8-20 cones, occasionally a few also around base of seed cone; peduncle 2-4 mm; cones narrowly oblong-conical. Seed cones terminal, 1-4 together, at pollination shortly cylindric-ovoid, ca. 12 × 8 mm, later becoming ovoid or subglobose, 1.8-4.5 × 1.2-4 cm; bracts glaucous or rather glossy, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, base with short claw 1/5-1/2 × total length of bract, distal part gradually narrowed toward pointed apex, 1/14-1/5 × total length of bract. Seeds dark brown, oblong or narrowly ovate, 5-6 × ca. 4 mm, narrowly winged laterally. Pollination Jan-May, seed maturity Aug-Nov.
Mixed broad-leaved forests, rocky hillsides and roadsides, 200-2800 metres in most temperate areas of China. Often forming small, pure stands on red sandstone soils.
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Mixed broad-leaved forests or forming small, pure stands; rocky hillsides; roadsides; at elevations from 200-2,800 metres in China.
Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
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