Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob.

Poovamkurunnila (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Asterales > Asteraceae > Cyanthillium

Characteristics

An erect annual herb to c. 1.35 m tall. Stems branching above, longitudinally ribbed, thinly puberulent above and coarsely pubescent below; indumentum of fine appressed T-shaped hairs intermixed, at least on lower stem, with longer patent flagelliform hairs. Leaves membranous; lower-cauline leaves 3-12 x 1.5-5 cm., subspathulate, broadly ovate to lanceolate in the upper portion and abruptly tapered below into a long narrowly-winged midrib, shortly acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate on the margins, sparsely pubescent-scabridulous or pilose on both surfaces, somewhat paler beneath; mid-cauline leaves up to c. 10 x 2.5 cm., becoming lanceolate, attenuate at the apex and narrowly cuneate at the base; upper-cauline leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate, grading into the synflorescence bracts. Capitula small, very numerous, in a large terminal panicle, or corymbiformly cymose in clusters at ends of sparsely to much divided branches, stalks 1-15 mm long. Involucres 4-6 mm long, campanulate. Phyllaries ± appressed, becoming reflexed when achenes are mature; outer phyllaries from 1.5 mm long, linear-lanceolate or subulate; inner phyllaries up to 5.5 mm long, lorate, acuminate-apiculate, appressed pubescent. Corollas pinkish or pale-mauve, 3.5-5 mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped. Achenes 1.2-2 mm long, subfusiform, terete not ribbed, narrowed below, uniformly strigulose-pubescent; outer pappus of distinct short linear fimbriate scales 0.2-0.6 mm long, inner pappus of white barbellate setae 3-4.5 mm long and easily dislodged.
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Erect, annual herb to 1.25 m high; internodes ribbed, pubescent to cinereous-scabridulous. Leaves polymorphic, linear-lanceolate to elliptic, ovate to obovate-spathulate; basal and lower leaves (1–) 2–7 (–8) cm long, to 5 cm wide, sinuate-serrate to pinnatifid or ±entire, adaxially glandular-punctate, sparsely hairy and green, abaxially thinly to thickly fulvous-pubescent or ±glabrous; uppermost leaves often sessile and much smaller. Capitula in lax, terminal corymbs 2.5–5 mm diam.; peduncles 5–12 mm long; involucre cylindrico-campanulate, 2.5–3.5 mm wide; bracts hirsute and glandular, often purplish-tipped; outer bracts subulate-lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, acuminate; inner bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm long, awn-tipped. Florets 15–20 per capitulum, mauve, purple or lilac; corolla tube 3–4 (–5) mm long; lobes hairy and glandular distally. Achenes terete, ±ribless, to 2 mm long, densely setulose, glandular. Pappus biseriate; outer bristles subulate; inner bristles linear, (3–) 4–5 mm long.
An annual erect herb with stout spreading branches. It can continue to grow from year to year from its rootstock. It is about 50-100 cm high. The stems are firm and rounded but with ribs. It sprawls over other plants. The leaves have almost no leaf stalk and they are 2 to 12 cm long and shallowly toothed. The leaves are sparse on the upper stems. Leaves are paler underneath. About 40 to 70 flowers make up the flower head. This head is 2.5 mm across. The flower bract is green and the flowers pale purple.
Leaf blades 20–35(–50+) × 12–25(–30+) mm (including petioles). Peduncles 3–10(–20+) mm. Bracts ± linear at proximal nodes, wanting distally. Phyllaries 3–4 mm. Cypselae 1.5–2 mm; pappi white, outer scales 0.1–0.3 mm, inner bristles 3–4 mm. 2n = 36.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 1.25
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is widely distributed in the tropics. It grows in the lowlands. It is a common weed in open waste spaces throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. In Papua New Guinea it grows to 1200 m altitude. In Kenya it grows in hot coastal areas from sea level to 1,700 m altitude. In Nepal it grows between 80-2,300 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places.
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Weed, often in open places on slopes, fields and roadsides.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-11

Usage

This species is used in India to produce vernolic acid for commercial paints, plastics, coatings, soaps and emulsifying agents, animal feed and dietary supplements (M.V. Viswanathan & H.B. Singh, in P.D.S. Caligari & D.J.N. Hind (eds), Compositae: Biology and Utilization 2:643–659 (1996)). Tender leaves and shoots are cooked as a pot herb in Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory (A.B. & J.W. Cribb, Wild Food in Australia 136 (1975)).
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The young leaves are edible cooked. They are used as a pot-herb. It is cooked with other leaves to improve the flavour. Caution: Older plants contain cyanide and would need to be well cooked. The plant is powdered and added to millet or rice to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer.
Uses animal food construction food material medicinal oil
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Antifungal agents (flower), Colic (flower), Conjunctivitis (flower), Fever (flower), Psoriasis (flower), Skin diseases (flower), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), Diaphoretic (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Dracunculiasis (leaf), Dysentery, amebic (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Elephantiasis (leaf), Eye pain (leaf), Herpes simplex (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Anthelmintics (root), Colic (root), Cough (root), Diarrhea (root), Edema (root), Fever (root), Inflammation (root), Kidney calculi (root), Leprosy (root), Leukorrhea (root), Mouth diseases (root), Skin diseases (root), Urinary bladder calculi (root), Urination disorders (root), Anthelmintics (seed), Antidotes (seed), Antiparasitic agents (seed), Colic (seed), Cough (seed), Dysuria (seed), Flatulence (seed), Parasympatholytics (seed), Psoriasis (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Vitiligo (seed), Headache (unspecified), Amebiasis (unspecified), Antidote (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Guineaworms (unspecified), Herpes (unspecified), Incontinence (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Night-Blindness (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Swelling(Veterinary) (unspecified), Throat(Veterinary) (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Alexipharmic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Psoriasis (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dyspepsia(Veterinary) (unspecified), Impotency (unspecified), Leucoderma (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Beri-Beri (unspecified), Beriberi (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antiparasitic agents (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Biliary tract diseases (unspecified), Blister (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dracunculiasis (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Eye diseases (unspecified), Fertility agents (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Hypohidrosis (unspecified), Infection (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Mental disorders (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Scorpion stings (unspecified), Skin care (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Urinary bladder calculi (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Abdominal pain (whole plant), Appetite stimulants (whole plant), Asthma (whole plant), Astringents (whole plant), Bronchitis (whole plant), Colic (whole plant), Cough (whole plant), Diarrhea (whole plant), Diuretics (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Filariasis (whole plant), Furunculosis (whole plant), Leukorrhea (whole plant), Pain (whole plant), General tonic for rejuvenation (whole plant), Skin diseases (whole plant), Urinary incontinence (whole plant), Urination disorders (whole plant), Wound healing (whole plant), Diaphoretic (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It spreads naturally by seed.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 84
Germination temperacture (C°) 4
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Cyanthillium cinereum habit picture by pratiwir pratiwir (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum habit picture by pratiwir pratiwir (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum habit picture by Prasanta Hembram (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Cyanthillium cinereum leaf picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum leaf picture by pratiwir pratiwir (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum leaf picture by pratiwir pratiwir (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cyanthillium cinereum flower picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum flower picture by mansur zuri (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum flower picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Cyanthillium cinereum fruit picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum fruit picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Cyanthillium cinereum fruit picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cyanthillium cinereum world distribution map, present in Angola, Anguilla, American Samoa, French Southern Territories, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Guinea, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Mali, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Niue, Nepal, Nauru, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Suriname, eSwatini, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Samoa, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:962413-1
WFO ID wfo-0000051035
COL ID 32P52
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448442
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Cineraria glaberrima Vernonia exilis Vernonia cinerea Crassocephalum flatmense Cacalia erigerodes Vernonia rhomboidea Cacalia exilis Cacalia chinensis Placus chinensis Monosis elaeagnoides Vernonia diffusa Chrysocoma violacea Cacalia kroneana Vernonia laxiflora Vernonia kroneana Cacalia cinerea Vernonia zollingeriana Vernonia dendigulensis Vernonia erigeroides Conyza abbreviata Serratula cinerea Cyanopis erigeroides Vernonia physalifolia Blumea esquirolii Vernonia cyanonioides Vernonia lentii Isomeria cinerea Vernonia vialis Conyza heterophylla Centratherum chinense Conyza chinensis Vernonia leptophylla Conyza elegantula Conyza cinerascens Conyza prolifera Vernonia abbreviata Conyza cinerea Cyanthillium chinense Conyza incana Isomeria chinensis Leveillea chinensis Vernonia parviflora Conyza ivifolia Vernonia betonicifolia Conyza bellidifolia Vernonia fasciculata Eupatorium arboreum Conyza mollis Erigeron pisonis Vernonia villosa Vernonia villosa Vernonia montana Blumea chinensis Eupatorium myosotifolium Placus chinensis Seneciodes cinereum Vernonia rupestris Vernonia apocynifolia Vernonia vialis Cacalia rotundifolia Vernonia parviflora Cyanopsis decurrens Cyanopis erigeroides var. erigeroides Vernonia chinensis var. chinensis Claotrachelus rupestris var. rupestris Blumea chinensis var. chinensis Conyza chinensis var. chinensis Claotrachelus rupestris var. glabra Cyanthillium cinereum var. cinereum Vernonia cinerea var. erigeroides Cyanthillium cinereum var. ovatum Vernonia cinerea var. antoniensis Vernonia cinerea subsp. vialis Vernonia cinerea var. parviflora Vernonia cinerea var. montana Vernonia cinerea var. lentii Cyanthillium cinereum

Lower taxons

Cyanthillium cinereum var. ugandense Cyanthillium cinereum var. viale Cyanthillium cinereum var. glabriusculum Cyanthillium cinereum var. linifolium Cyanthillium cinereum var. ludens Cyanthillium cinereum var. parviflorum Cyanthillium cinereum var. lanatum Cyanthillium cinereum var. pinnatifidum