Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Florida hopbush (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Sapindaceae > Dodonaea

Characteristics

Monoecious or dioecious semi-prostrate shrub or small tree, 0.5–9 m. tall; bark black or brown, ± rough; twigs black or reddish brown, glandular, glabrescent, ridged and developing vertical fissures.. Leaves simple, variable; blades oblanceolate or broadly to narrowly elliptic, (1–)4–13 cm. long, (0.4–)1.3–4.2 cm. wide, widest at or above the midpoint, obtuse and minutely apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed below the middle to a narrowly cuneate base; margin entire, recurved (in dried specimens); both surfaces glabrous and glandular, coated especially when young with viscid glandular exudate; lateral nerves 15–20(–30), often indistinct; petioles 0–2.5 mm. long.. Flowers greenish yellow, unisexual or bisexual, in loose thyrsoid panicles at the ends of twigs; pedicels 0.8–1.5 cm. long in flower and fruit, glabrous and glandular.. Male flowers: sepals 3–4, straw-coloured or greenish yellow, 2–2.5 mm. long, spreading; stamens 7(–9); anthers 2–3 mm. long; ovary rudiment minute.. Female flowers: calyx green, cup-like but sepals free; staminodes lacking or with anthers ± 1.5 mm. long; ovary green, oblong in outline, flattened, bilobed, glandular; style 2–3-lobed, equalling the ovary; disk inconspicuous.. Bisexual flowers similar: sepals 3–4, greenish yellow, ovate, 2–2.5 mm. long, spreading; anthers 1.6–1.9 mm. long.. Fruit disk-shaped, the body 1.5–2.3 cm. long, 8–11 mm. wide, with an encircling papery venose wing 3–7 mm. wide or a few with 3(–4) locules and wings.. Seeds 2 per locule, black, subspherical, or somewhat compressed with a raised dorsal rim, 2–3 mm. diameter, 1.5–3 mm. thick.
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Shrub or treelet, up to 8 m high, dbh up to 20 cm; bark smooth with fine ridges, outer reddish brown, inner pale yellow; sap wood yellowish. Indumentum glabrous or nearly so. Leaves elliptic to obovate, (including the petiole) (5-)9-15 by (1.5-)2.5-4 cm, index 3-4.5, thin-pergamentaceous to papyraceous; apex narrowly rounded and minutely acuminate (to broadly rounded); midrib above moderately raised and rounded; nerves 4-8 mm apart, widely spreading, ending free; intersecondary nerves often present, well-developed; reticulations fine, above grooved, slightly raised beneath. Inflorescences 3-3.5 cm long, laxly and widely branched, with 12-15 flowers; pedicels in fruit 1.2-1.5 cm long. Flowers bisexual. Sepals (3 or) 4, elliptic, c. 2.75 by 1.5-1.75 mm, outside sometimes with a few paired hairs, the margin sparsely ciliate mainly towards the apex, glabrous inside; the scar under the fruit strongly lobed. Stamens 5-7, scars distinct in fruit; filament c. 0.2 mm long; anther basally attached, c. 1.8 mm long, ciliate at apex. Pistil 2-(or 3-)locular; ovary flattened-ellipsoid, c. 1.25 by 1 mm, glabrous; style columnar, 2-3 mm long, with some glands, caducous; stigma slightly lobed. Fruits inflated, reniform-cordate, 8-12 by 11-16 mm, membranous, yellowish to light brown, very sparsely glandular, otherwise glabrous; wing at the middle of the fruit (l-)2.5-4 mm wide, membranous.
Shrubs or small trees, 1-3 m tall or higher. Branches flat, narrowly winged or ridged, with sticky juice. Leaves simple; petiole short or nearly absent; blades variable in shape and size, linear, linear-spoon-shaped, linear-lanceolate, or oblong, 5-12 × 0.5-4 cm, papery, both surfaces with sticky juice, glabrous, nitid when dry, lateral veins many, dense, very slender, margin entire or inconspicuously shallowly wavy, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Inflorescences terminal or axillary near apices, shorter than leaves, densely flowered, rachis and branches ridged. Pedicels 2-5 mm, sometimes to 1 cm, slender. Sepals 4, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 7 or 8; filaments less than 1 mm; anthers incurved, ca. 2.5 mm, glandular. Ovary ellipsoid, abaxially with sticky juice, 2-or 3-loculed; style ca. 6 mm, apex 2-or 3-lobed. Capsules obcordiform or compressed-globose, 2-or 3-winged, 1.5-2.2 cm tall, with wing 1.8-2.5 cm wide; testa membranous or papery, veined. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule, black, lenslike. Fl. late autumn, fr. late autumn-early spring. 2n = 28.
Shrub 1-3 (-6) m tall, glabrous; branches slightly angled, viscidous. Leaves simple; petioles 2-3 mm long; blade oblanceolate or elliptic, 5-10 × 1.8-3.6 cm, chartaceous, glabrous, varnished when young, the apex rounded or less often obtuse, apiculate, the base cuneate to acuminate, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, the margins entire, revolute, midvein slightly prominent. Panicles ca. 3 cm long, the axes varnished; bracteoles minute. Flowers bisexual, sticky; sepals 4-5, oblong-elliptic, greenish yellow, 2-2.5 mm long, ciliate on margins, revolute at anthesis; stamens (6)8(10), nearly sessile; gynoecium 2-3-carpellate. Capsules papery, retuse at apex and base, straw-colored, 2-3-locular, the cocci semi-circular, inflated in the center, dorsally winged, 1.5-2 cm long; pedicel 1-1.2 cm long. Seeds 2 per locule, nearly rounded, ca. 3 mm long, dull black.
Dioec. glab. shrub or tree up to 6 m. tall or occ. much more, but us. flowering when ± 2 m. tall; sts prostrate in coastal strongly insolated places. Bark reddish brown, falling in flakes; young branchlets compressed to triangular, viscid. Lvs alt. to subopp., occ. three close-set, on petioles up to 10 mm. long. Lamina thinly coriac., ± 4-10 × 1-3 cm., pale green, entire, narrow-obovate to narrow-elliptic, obtuse (rarely subacute, sts minutely retuse) gradually narrowed to base. Infl. a terminal rather densely fld panicle, ± 3-4 cm. long. Fls greenish to yellowish or reddish, on pubescent pedicels ± 4 mm. long. ♂ with 4 c. oblong sepals; 8-10 stamens, filaments very short. ♀ with 4 narrower sepals; style 2-fid, far exserted. Capsule ± 15 × 15 mm. including broad wings, compressed. Sts 3 wings are present.
Dioecious or polygamo-dioecious spreading or erect shrub or tree to 8 m high. Leaves simple, sessile or petiolate, linear to obovate or spathulate, rarely cuneate to angular-obovate, obtuse to acuminate, sometimes rounded and mucronate, rarely emarginate or 3-toothed, entire to irregularly sinuolate or denticulate, attenuate to cuneate at base; lamina 1–15 cm long, 0.1–4 cm wide, glabrous; petiole 2.5–18 mm long. Flowers in terminal panicles; pedicels 3–9 mm long. Sepals 3 or 4, lanceolate to ovate, 1.3–3 mm long, caducous. Stamens 6–10, usually 8. Ovary pubescent or glabrous. Capsule 2–4-winged, broadly elliptic to transversely elliptic in lateral view, 8.5–28 mm long, 11–28 mm wide, glabrous; wings 3–10 mm wide, membranous or sometimes coriaceous; dehiscence septifragal. [See also Green 1994: 243.]
Dioecious shrubs or trees 2-5 m tall; wood brown, close grained, hard; stems reddish, angled, glabrous, minutely fissured and lenticellate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, simple, sessile or short-petiolate, acute to rounded at the apex, attenuate at the base, 5-12 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, viscid and gla-brous, the margin entire. Thyrses axillary or terminal, shorter than the leaves, racemiform or corymbiform. Flowers pale yellowish; sepals usually 4, ca. 3 mm long; petals absent. Capsules suborbicular, winged, obcordate, cordate at the base, 2.2 cm long, 2.5_cm wide, 3-winged, 3-locular; seeds lenticular, black.
A shrub or small tree. It can be 10 m high. It can have many stems. The leaves are sticky and are 3-10 cm long. They are narrow with wavy edges. A variety with purple leaves also occurs. The flowers are greenish. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. The fruit are hops 18 mm long and with wings. They occur in clusters at the ends of branches. They can be red or white. Many different kinds or subspecies of this plant occur. The seed is edible.
Leaves simple, spirally arranged; petiole up to 6 mm. long, glabrous; lamina up to 10 × 3 cm., narrowly elliptic, glabrous, resinous, apex acute and usually acuminate, margin entire, base narrowly cuneate and decurrent into the petiole; lateral nerves numerous (usually up to c. 20 pairs).
Dioecious or bisexual, small tree, up to 3-5(-10) m tall. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, resinous, pale green. Flowers in small, rounded axillary and terminal panicles, greenish yellow. Fruit winged.
Fruit up to 2 × 2 cm., 2–3(4)-locular, subcircular in outline, emarginate at apex and base, with 2–3 glabrous membranous wings c. 4–6 mm. broad, very shortly stipitate.
Dioecious, small tree to 5(-10) m. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, resinous. Flowers in small, rounded, axillary and terminal panicles, greenish yellow. Fruits winged.
Flowers greenish-yellow (often bisexual fide Radlkofer); pedicels up to 5 mm. long (accrescent to 12 mm. long in fruit), filiform, glabrous.
Inflorescence usually c. 2 cm. long, terminal or subterminal, somewhat corymbose; peduncle short (rarely more than 5 mm. long).
Small tree up to 10 m. tall or shrub; branchlets angular, glabrous, resinous.
Ovary (2)3(4)-locular; style 4–6 mm. long, (2)3(4)-lobed.
Seed black, 3 × 2 mm., lenticular, glabrous.
Stamens usually 6; anthers 3 mm. long.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination anemogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5 - 2.5
Mature height (meter) 3.0 - 4.6
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.0
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

They suit tropical and warm places. They often grow on rocky, stony or sandy soil. Plants are damaged by frost. In Tasmania it grows near the East Coast. It can grow in semi arid places as well as on the edges of evergreen forest in high rainfall areas. In East Africa it grows from sea level to 2,700 m altitude. It needs a temperature above 3-5°C. It can grow in arid places. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 2,800 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. Melbourne Botanical gardens. Tasmania Herbarium. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Rocky, stony or sandy soils in the montane zone of Victoria. On dry slopes, in fields and sandy soils by the coast in China.
Rocky, stony or sandy soils in the montane zone of Victoria. On dry slopes, in fields and sandy soils by the coast in China.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture 5-7
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The leaves, fruits and wood of Dodonaea viscosa are used for various purposes. In Australia, where it is known as Native Hops, the capsules were used by early colonists as a substitute for true hops in making yeast and beer. Grown widely for horticultural purposes in Australia; used in Africa as a hedge plant and in other countries as a sand binder and in marshland reclamation. There is a popular non-native form with purple foliage, referred to as Dodonaea ‘Purpurea’ (McDowell 2007).
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The seeds have been used as a flavouring. The bitter fruit have been used as a substitute for hops and yeast in making beer. The leaves have been chewed as a stimulant but as they can cause cancer and contain saponins which are poisonous but poorly absorbed, this is probably not a good idea.
Uses For a description of the timber, see p. 427.
Uses afforestation animal food bee plant charcoal dye environmental use fodder food food additive fuel invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental poison social use timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits leaves saps seeds
Therapeutic use Parasympatholytics (aerial part), Anti-inflammatory agents (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Astringents (bark), Edema (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Ceremonial Medicine (leaf), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Misc. Disease Remedy (leaf), Vesicular eruption (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Arthralgia (leaf), Back pain (leaf), Burns (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Cough (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Edema (leaf), Epilepsy (leaf), Fever (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Gout (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hypohidrosis (leaf), Menstruation disturbances (leaf), Pain (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Sprains and strains (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Abdominal pain (plant exudate), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Arthritis (seed), Fractures, bone (seed), Pain (seed), Sterilization, reproductive (seed), Wounds and injuries (tuber), Astringent (unspecified), Bruise (unspecified), Burn (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Funereal (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Liqueur (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Poultice (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Shoulder (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sprain (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Dentifrice (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-arrhythmia agents (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Coronary disease (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Fishes, poisonous (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Hypoglycemic agents (unspecified), Hypotension (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified), Skin diseases, infectious (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (whole plant), Common cold (whole plant), Diphtheria (whole plant), Exanthema (whole plant), Hemorrhage (whole plant), Influenza, human (whole plant), Pharyngitis (whole plant), Pneumonia (whole plant), Pruritus (whole plant), Stomach diseases (whole plant), Tuberculosis (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seed germinate in 3 weeks but they can be slow to germinate. They need a temperature above 18°C. Seeds can be soaked in water at 65°C for 4 minutes and then in cool water for 24 hours. Plants can be pruned often and make a good hedge in windy places. Male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. Plants can be grown from cuttings of half ripe wood. Plants need to be transplanted when small or sown directly where they are to grow.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 38
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Dodonaea viscosa habit picture by M. Hedayat (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa habit picture by M. Hedayat (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa habit picture by M. Hedayat (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Dodonaea viscosa leaf picture by Vanessa Martins (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa leaf picture by G Kirimi (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa leaf picture by Claudinei Gonçalves (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Dodonaea viscosa flower picture by nazir nani (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa flower picture by Isabelle Catrain (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa flower picture by Rivas Quiñones Jean Paul (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Dodonaea viscosa fruit picture by cabana carlos manuel (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa fruit picture by Juan Carlos Caballero (cc-by-sa)
Dodonaea viscosa fruit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Dodonaea viscosa world distribution map, present in American Samoa, Australia, Brazil, China, French Guiana, Guyana, Madagascar, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Suriname, Thailand, United States of America, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Dodonaea viscosa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30058367-2
WFO ID wfo-0000653170
COL ID 373RT
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 453620
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Dodonaea viscosa f. lilacina Dodonaea eriocarpa f. degeneri Dodonaea viscosa f. hispidula Ptelea viscosa Dodonaea candolleana Dodonaea cuneata Dodonaea dioica Dodonaea eriocarpa Dodonaea repanda Dodonaea scabra Dodonaea stenoptera Dodonaea arabica Dodonaea arborea Dodonaea bialata Dodonaea jamaicensis Dodonaea linearifolia Dodonaea lucida Dodonaea microcarya Dodonaea paulinia Dodonaea thunbergiana Dodonaea illita Dodonaea kohautiana Dodonaea eriocarpa var. oblonga Dodonaea eriocarpa var. obtusior Dodonaea eriocarpa var. molokaiensis Dodonaea eriocarpa var. amphioxea Dodonaea eriocarpa var. confertior Dodonaea eriocarpa var. costulata Dodonaea eriocarpa var. degeneri Dodonaea eriocarpa var. forbesii Dodonaea eriocarpa var. glabrescens Dodonaea eriocarpa var. hillebrandii Dodonaea eriocarpa var. hosakana Dodonaea eriocarpa var. lanaiensis Dodonaea eriocarpa var. pallida Dodonaea eriocarpa var. sherffii Dodonaea eriocarpa var. skottsbergii Dodonaea eriocarpa var. vaccinioides Dodonaea eriocarpa var. varians Dodonaea eriocarpa var. waimeana Dodonaea sandwicensis var. simulans Dodonaea stenoptera var. fauriei Dodonaea viscosa var. candolleana Dodonaea viscosa var. minor Dodonaea viscosa var. obovata Dodonaea viscosa var. stokesiana Dodonaea sandwicensis var. latifolia Dodonaea viscosa var. galapagensis Dodonaea candolleana var. minor Dodonaea eriocarpa f. acuminata Dodonaea eriocarpa f. decipiens Dodonaea eriocarpa f. galapagensis Dodonaea eriocarpa f. obtusior Dodonaea eriocarpa f. obtusiorgalapagensis Dodonaea eriocarpa f. pallida Dodonaea fauriei Dodonaea forsteri Dodonaea pauca Dodonaea viscosa f. arborescens Dodonaea viscosa f. ehrenbergii Dodonaea viscosa f. elaeagnoides Dodonaea viscosa f. eriocarpoidea Dodonaea viscosa f. minor Dodonaea viscosa f. repanda Dodonaea viscosa f. spatulata Dodonaea viscosa f. viridula Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa Dodonaea ehrenbergii Dodonaea latifolia Dodonaea neriifolia Dodonaea oblongifolia Dodonaea ovata Dodonaea pallida Dodonaea pentandra Dodonaea sandwicensis Dodonaea viscosa

Lower taxons

Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima Dodonaea viscosa subsp. arizonica Dodonaea viscosa subsp. cuneata Dodonaea viscosa subsp. spatulata Dodonaea viscosa subsp. elaeagnoides