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A shrub or small tree 3-6 m high. The stem can be 30 cm across. The leaves are dark glossy green. The leaves are simple and alternate. They have short stalks. Leaves are 1.3-4 cm long and 0.8-2.5 cm wide. There are spines up to 5 cm long in the axils of leaves. The flowers are male and female on separate plants. They are small and pale yellow. A few flowers occur in a cluster. Flowers often grow on old wood. The fruit is oval and has a small point at the tip. They are 1.3 cm long and fleshy. They are bright red. There are usually 2 seeds. The fruit are edible.
Tree or shrub, 1.2-6.1 m high, dioecious, armed with spines. Leaves alternate, petiolate; suborbiculate to obovate; blade coriaceous, 3-5-veined from base, margins entire. Male flowers in fascicles of 2-10, pedicellate; calyx 4-6-lobed; corolla absent; stamens 20. Female flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3, pedicellate; calyx 4-6-lobed, lobes obovate; corolla absent; styles 2; ovary 2-lobed, unilocular, placentas 2, each with 1 ovule. Flowering time Mar.-Oct. Fruit an oblong berry, glabrous, red.
Dioecious, thorny tree or shrub with white, ridged bark to 6 m. Leaves leathery, rounded, 3-5-veined from base. Flowers 1-few in axillary clusters, greenish.
