Dysoxylum excelsum Blume

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Dysoxylum

Characteristics

Tree to 36 m; bole to 80 cm diam., buttressed to 3 m, buttresses reaching 2.5 m out, concave. Bark smooth to slightly flaking, lenticellate; inner bark reddish brown with resinous smell; sapwood fawnish white; heartwood brownish-red. Leafy twigs 5–9 mm diam., lenticellate, ± pubescent when young; apical bud with fist-shaped leaves. Leaves 25–90 cm, 2–4(–5)-jugate, ± paripinnate with terminal scar; petiole 5–10 cm, ± puberulent, ± flattened adaxially, weakly swollen at base. Leaflets (the most distal the largest) 10–25(–51) by 4–10(–21) cm, ovate-elliptic to-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous to rufescent-pubescent abaxially, especially on venation, opposite to alternate, bases rather symmetrical, acute to attenuate, apices obtuse to acuminate, costae 9–12 on each side, arcuate, obscurely anastomosing at margin, impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially like the midrib in sicco; petiolules 5–15 mm, sulcate in sicco. Thyrse up to 1 m long but usually less and sometimes (in females) as short as 10 cm, axillary to supraaxillary; axes ± densely rufescent pubescent, most proximal branches to 20 cm with secondary branches to 3 cm, bearing cymules of 1–3 sweetly scented (jasmine, honeysuckle) flowers; bracts c. 1.5 mm, triangular, pubescent; pedicels c. 1 mm, articulated with pseudopedicel up to 3 mm. Calyx continuous with pseudopedicel, c. 1–2 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., shallowly cupular, pubescent without, pinkish, margin rather irregularly 4-(or 5-)toothed. Petals 4 (5), 6–15 by 3–4 mm, narrowly oblong, valvate, minutely sericeous without, creamy or pinkish white. Staminal tube glabrous or weakly puberulent within or without, white, margin truncate to weakly 8-(or 10-)crenate; anthers 8 (10), c. 1 mm long, included, glabrous. Disk up to half as long as staminal tube, with descending hairs within and c. 8-(or 10-)toothed margin, markedly pilose. Ovary densely sericeous, 3-or 4-locular, each locule with 1 or 2 ovules; style glabrous in distal half, otherwise sericeous; stylehead discoid to subcapitate. Capsule up to 5(–7.5) cm diam., 4 cm long, flattened globose to pyriform, 3-or 4-lobed, glabrous to scurfy, chestnut brown when ripe. Seeds 1–4, c. 2.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, subreniform, pendent on funicles at fruit dehiscence, testa bright red; hilum white.
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Trees to 13 m tall. Branchlets brown to reddish brown, glabrous; apical buds with leaves like clenched fists. Leaves 40-60 cm, even-pinnate; leaflets usually 7 or 9, alternate; petiolules ca. 1 cm; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong, (9-)25-35 × (5-)8-15 cm, thickly papery to thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, not markedly shiny above, secondary veins 11-16 on each side of midvein, abaxially protruding, and adaxially slightly impressed, base ± oblique and cuneate to slightly rounded, apex acute. Thyrses axillary, ± as long as leaves, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; branches spreading, basal ones 20-35 cm. Flowers 7-10 mm. Calyx 4-lobed at first but subsequently 4-parted, outside puberulent. Petals 4, white, linear to narrowly elliptic, 6-10 × 2-3 mm, outside puberulent, inside glabrous. Staminal tube glabrous on both surfaces, apical margin entire or shortly crenate; anthers 8, oblong. Disk cylindric, ca. 2 × as high as ovary, ciliate, outside smooth, inside with inverted trichomes, apex 8-lobed. Ovary conic, 4-locular, with long thick trichomes, with 2 ovules per locule; style several times longer than ovary, basal part with long thick trichomes. Capsule globose to pyriform, ca. 3.5 × 3.5-4 cm, glabrous, apex concave. Seeds with bright red testa. Fl. Sep-Nov, fr. Apr-Jun.
A tree. It grows up to 36 m high. The trunk is straight and can be 80 cm across. It has buttresses up to 3 m tall. The leaves are compound with leaflets along the stalk. There are an even number of leaflets without one at the end. The leaves are 10-25 cm long by 4-10 cm wide. The flowers are 1 cm across. They are pale cream. They are in clusters 30-100 cm long. Fruit can be 4-5 cm long. They are orange and turn red when ripe. They have 4-5 valves. The seeds have a red coating.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 1.5
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp to sub-montane forests at elevations up to 1,100 metres. On alluvial sites near or along rivers and streams. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant.
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A tropical plant. In grows in rain forests in mountain valleys and in evergreen broad-leaved forests between 100-1,000 m above sea level.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit are pickled and eaten. The young shoots and flowers are eaten as a vegetable. They are boiled.
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UsesTimber of little esteem but used for general construction work.
Uses animal food environmental use food fuel material medicinal social use timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Distribution

Dysoxylum excelsum world distribution map, present in China, India, Sri Lanka, and Solomon Islands

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:578122-1
WFO ID wfo-0000658568
COL ID 8S5J3
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Macrochiton excelsum Dysoxylum excelsum Dysoxylum motleyanum Dysoxylum pallidum Epicharis procera Guarea disyphonia Guarea procera Hartighsea excelsa Hartighsea gobara Alliaria procera Dysoxylum gobara Dysoxylum hasseltii Dysoxylum microbotrys Dysoxylum peerisii Dysoxylum procerum Dysoxylum turbinatum Guarea acuminata Guarea oblonga Dysoxylum altissimum Dysoxylum arnoldianum Dysoxylum havilandii Dysoxylum hubertii Dysoxylum excelsum var. hasseltii Dysoxylum excelsum var. parvifolium Dysoxylum excelsum var. pedicellatum Dysoxylum procerum var. integrum Dysoxylum procerum var. macranthum Dysoxylum procerum var. motleyanum Dysoxylum macgregorii Guarea gobara