Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.

Autumn olive (en), Oléastre à ombelles (fr), Chalef en ombelle (fr), Oléastre en ombelle (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Elaeagnaceae > Elaeagnus

Characteristics

Erect, spreading shrub (to small tree) to 5 m high, often with spiny-spur branches. New branches and buds silvery scaly (lepidote). Leaves alternate, deciduous (or semi-deciduous); petiole 2–10 mm long, white-lepidote; lamina ovate to obovate, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2–8 (–9) cm long, 0.8–2 (–3) cm wide, silvery and densely white scaly below, green and especially when young sparsely scaly above (the scales sometimes turning ferruginous-brown with age), base cuneate, margin wavy, apex acute to obtuse, secondary veins 5–8 pairs. Inflorescence axillary, with flowers 1–3 (–7)-fasciculate; pedicels 3–6 (–8) mm long, elongated in fruit to 12 mm long. Flowers to 9 (–10) mm long, white or silvery white to pale yellowish, densely scaled, scented; tube funnelform-tubular, 5–7 (–10) mm long; lobes 4, spreading, triangular-ovate, 2.5–5 mm long. Stamens 4, attached to mouth of tube; filaments c. 0.7 mm long. Style 6–7 (–10) mm long, with stellate hairs. Fruit drupe-or berry-like, globose to subglobose or ovoid, (5–) 6–9 mm diam., red, finely dotted with scales (covered with scales and silvery green when young), 1-seeded.
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Shrubs, deciduous, erect with branchlets spreading. New branches and buds silvery scaly. Petiole 3-5(-10) mm; leaf blade obovate, 2.2-5.5(-8) × 1-1.6(-2.5) cm, papery, abaxially densely white scaly, adaxially sparsely scaly when young, lateral veins 5-8 per side of midrib, base cuneate, apex acute to obtuse. Flowers 1-3(-7)-fasciculate in axils of both long and short shoots; pedicel 3-6(-8) mm, to 1.2 cm in fruit. Flowers silvery white. Calyx tube funnel-shaped, 5-7 mm, slender; lobes triangular-ovate, 2.8-3 mm. Filaments ca. 0.7 mm; anthers elliptic, 1.8-2 mm. Style 6-7 mm, with stellate hairs; stigma ca. 2.2 mm. Drupe red, nearly globose, (6-)8-9 mm. Seed ca. 7 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 28*.
A shrub. It grows 3-9 m high and 9 m wide. The new shoots are golden brown and thorny. The leaves are soft green and have wavy edges. They are silvery underneath. The flowers are yellow-white and fragrant. The fruit are small orange to red berries. One shrub can produce 54,000 seeds in a year.
Shrubby tree to 5 m; lvs soon green and glabrescent above; hypanthium-tube ca twice as long as the sep; fr red, finely dotted with pale scales, juicy and edible, 6–8 mm, on pedicels ca 1 cm; 2n=28. Native of e. Asia, becoming common in much of our range. May, June.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 4.0 - 6.0
Mature height (meter) 4.0 - 5.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It can grow on dry and exposed hillsides. In the Himalayas it grows up to 3,500 m above sea level. It can grow in acid or alkaline soils with pH of 4-8. It is non-leguminous but nitrogen-fixing. It suits hardiness zones 7-9. Arboretum Tasmania. In Sichuan. In Yunnan.
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Recorded from Lawson growing on the edge of a swamp/creek bank (with native and introduced species) and in disturbed native vegetation.
Thickets and thin woods in the lowland and hills.
Light 7-8
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

Grown as a garden ornamental, and overseas has been used for shelterbelts/windbreaks, land rehabilitation, soil stabilisation and wildlife habitat. The fruit is edible and eaten fresh, dried or processed (e.g. jams, pies). Parts of the plant (flowers, fruit, seed) may have medicinal uses. The flowers and fruit are rich in lycopene, vitamins, minerals, flavonoides, essential oil and other bioactive compounds (Potter 1995, Fordham et al. 2001, Ahmad et al. 2005, 2006, Sabir & Riaz 2005).
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The ripe fruit can be eaten raw. They are used like red currants. They can also be used for jams, sauces, preserves and pies. They can be dried like raisins. The fruit are pickled and used in curries.
Uses environmental use essential oil food fuel material medicinal ornamental wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Astringent (unspecified), Cardiac (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can re-sprout after burned or slashed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 140 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 10 - 18
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -35
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Elaeagnus umbellata habit picture by jimseng jimseng (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Elaeagnus umbellata leaf picture by David Johnson (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata leaf picture by Matthias Foellmer (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata leaf picture by Jacquie Clendenin (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Elaeagnus umbellata flower picture by Matthias Foellmer (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata flower picture by Mama Cheetah (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata flower picture by Ko Al (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Elaeagnus umbellata fruit picture by Enoka (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata fruit picture by David Hinds (cc-by-sa)
Elaeagnus umbellata fruit picture by Clara Stevens (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Elaeagnus umbellata world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Pakistan, and United States of America

Conservation status

Elaeagnus umbellata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927281-1
WFO ID wfo-0000663963
COL ID 38XFD
BDTFX ID 23617
INPN ID 95841
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Elaeagnus coreana Elaeagnus crispa Elaeagnus padifolia Elaeagnus praematura Elaeagnus crispa var. praematura Elaeagnus longipes var. crispa Elaeagnus umbellata f. nakaiana Elaeagnus umbellata

Lower taxons

Elaeagnus umbellata var. rotundifolia Elaeagnus umbellata var. coreana