Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels

Eland's wattle (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Elephantorrhiza

Characteristics

Suffrutex producing at ground level annual stems 20-90 cm high from the woody end of a ± elongate rhizome; aerial stems unbranched except for inflorescences (rarely branched after damage to the main apex); young stems glabrous or rarely pubescent. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent: petiole 1.3-3.6(8) cm long; rhachis 3.5-13.5(17.5) cm long; pinnae 2-4 pairs in lower leaves, increasing to 7-17 opposite or subopposite pairs in upper leaves; rhachillae 3-9(10.5) cm long; leaflets (7)12-45(55) pairs per pinna, (4)5-10(15) x (0.3)0.5-2(2.5) mm, linear to linear-oblong, rarely narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous or almost so, base nearly always asymmetric, with the proximal side rounded to cuneate, apex symmetric to asymmetric, acute, usually mucronate or rarely obtuse, lateral nerves and veins prominent or not. Racemes usually confined to the lower part of the stem, axillary, solitary or clustered, (2)3.5-8(12) cm long (including the peduncle), glabrous or very rarely pubescent. Flowers yellowish-white, on pedicels up to 1.5 mm long, pedicels articulated near the middle, with minute reddish or reddish-brown glands at the base of the pedicels. Calyx shortly campanulate, up to 1.75 mm long, 5-toothed, glabrous. Petals free or slightly connate basally, 2.75-3.75 mm long, up to 1 mm wide, linear-oblong, inflexed apically, glabrous. Stamens free among themselves, slightly adnate to the corolla basally; filaments up to 6.5 mm long; anthers up to 1 mm long, with a deciduous apical gland. Ovary up to 1.75 mm long, linear, shortly stipitate, glabrous. Pods dark brown or reddish-brown, (5)9.5-15(21) x 3-5.7 cm, straight or slightly curved, oblong, compressed, usually prominently transversely venose, often umbonate over the seeds, at maturity the valves separating from the persistent margins, the outer layer of the pod-wall peeling off the inner layer, the layers usually breaking up irregularly. Seeds 18-26 x 13-18 x 6-13 mm, ± ellipsoid.
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Suffrutex producing at ground level annual stems 20-90 cm high from the woody end of a ± elongate rhizome, aerial stems usually unbranched except for inflorescences (rarely branched after damage to the main apex); young stems glabrous or rarely pubescent. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent: petiole 1.3-3.6(8) cm long; rhachis 3.5-3.5(7.5) cm long: pinnae 2-4 pairs in lower leaves, increasing to 7-17 opposite or subopposite pairs in upper leaves; rhachillae 3-9(0.5) cm long; leaflets (7)12-45(55) pairs per pinna, (4)5-10(15) x (0.3)0.5-2(2.5) mm, linear to linear-oblong, rarely narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous or almost so, base nearly always asymmetric, with the proximal side rounded to cuneate, apex symmetric to asymmetric, acute, usually mucronate or rarely obtuse, lateral nerves and veins prominent or not. Racemes usually confined to the lower part of the stem, axillary, solitary or clustered, (2)3.5-8(12) cm long (including the peduncle), glabrous or very rarely pubescent. Flowers yellowish-white, on pedicels up to 1.5 mm long, pedicels articulated near the middle, with minute reddish-brown glands at the base of the pedicels. Calyx shortly campanulate, up to 1.75 mm long, 5-toothed, glabrous. Petals free or slightly connate basally, 2.75-3.75 mm long, up to 1 mm wide, linear-oblong, indexed apically, glabrous. Stamens free among themselves, slightly adnate to the corolla basally; filaments up to 6.5 mm long; anthers up to 1 mm long, with a deciduous apical gland. Ovary up to 1.75 mm long, linear, shortly stipitate, glabrous. Pods dark brown or reddish-brown, (5)9.5-15(21) x 3-5.7 cm, straight or slightly curved, oblong, compressed, usually prominently transversely venose, often umbonate over the seeds, at maturity the valves separating from the persistent margins, the outer layer of the pod-wall peeling off the inner layer, the layers usually breaking up irregularly. Seeds 18-26 x 13-18 x 6-13 mm, ± ellipsoid.
Leaves up to 15(24) cm. long (rhachis + petiole); rhachides glabrous or with very sparse hairs; pinnae 2-4 pairs in lower leaves, increasing upwards to 7-15 pairs; leaflets (7)13-47 pairs per pinna (in ourarea the maximum is usually 30 or more), (4)5-10(15) x (0·3)0·5-2(2·5) mm., linear-oblong to linear, rarely narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous or almost so, base nearly always asymmetric, with the proximal side rounded to cuneate, apex symmetric to asymmetric, acute or rarely obtuse, mucronate, lateral nerves and veins prominent or not.
Suffrutex, producing unbranched, unarmed, aerial stems up to 0.9 m high. Leaves dull green, glabrous, bipinnate; petioles eglandular. Pinnae 2-17 opposite or subopposite pairs. Inflorescences: racemes confined to lower part of stem. Flowers yellowish white; pedicels articulated near middle, with minute reddish brown glands at base of pedicels. Flowering time Sept.-Nov. Pod dark or reddish brown, compressed, with valves separating from persistent margins when open.
A low shrub. It has a large woody rootstock. Several leafy shoots arise from this each year. They can be 1 m high. The leaves are twice divided. They can be 15 cm long. There are 10 pairs of pinnae and 40 pairs of leaflets. These are 5 mm long by 1 mm wide. They are pointed. The flower spikes arise from near the base of the shoots. They are erect and 8 cm long with many flowers. They are cream or white. The fruit is woody and flattened.
Suffrutex producing at ground level at the woody end of a ± elongate rhizome annual herbaceous stems c. 20-60 cm. high; aerial sterns usually unbranched except for inflorescences (very rarely branched after damage to the main apex); racemes on lower part of stem only; young stems glabrous or very rarely (and not in our area) pubescent.
Suffrutex, up to 0.75 m high. Leaves with 8-17 pinnae pairs per leaf; leaflets 12-45 pairs per pinna, linear to linear-oblong, 0.5-2.0(-2.5) mm wide. Flowers: in an axillary, solitary or clustered raceme; corolla yellowish white; Sep.-Nov. Pods oblong, 95-150 x 30-57 mm, dark brown.
Suffrutex, up to 0.75 m high. Pinnae 8-17 pairs per leaf; leaflets 12-45 pairs per pinna, 0.5-2.0(-2.5) mm wide, linear to linear-oblong. Pods dark brown, oblong, 95-150 x 30-57 mm. Flowers yellowish white.
Racemes (2)4-8(11·5) cm. long (including the peduncle), glabrous or very rarely (not in our area) pubescent; minute reddish mealy glands present round the pedicel-bases.
Seeds c. 20-25 x 13-18 x 11-13 mm., ± ellipsoid.
Flowers described as cream or yellow.
Pods (5)9·5-21 x 3-5·7 cm.
Petals 3·25-3·5 mm. long.
Life form annual
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.63 - 0.9
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer rhizobia
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical and subtropical plant. It grows in shrubland and grassland. It grows between 250-1,800 m above sea level. In Swaziland it is in the high veld only. It grows in areas with a rainfall above 200 mm. It can grow in arid places.
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Often occurs gregariously in hot, dry areas with grassland and open scrub. Grassland and open Acacia-Combretum scrub at elevations of 1,060-1,360 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

The pods are burnt and used as a coffee substitute. The roasted beans are used for coffee. The young leaves are used to make a relish.
Uses animal food coffee substitute dye environmental use food invertebrate food material medicinal oil poison social use
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Coffee (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Dye (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Elephantorrhiza elephantina unspecified picture

Distribution

Elephantorrhiza elephantina world distribution map, present in Botswana, India, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Thailand, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:493740-1
WFO ID wfo-0000193418
COL ID 398CF
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Elephantorrhiza elephantina Elephantorrhiza burchellii Prosopis elephantorrhiza Prosopis elephantina Acacia elephantina Acacia elephantorrhiza