Tree (5-)12-30(-36) m, sometimes with small buttresses. Leaf rachis vigorous, blackish, (5½-) 10-30(-40) cm, glabrous and/or scaly to hirsute and/or tomentose, (2-)4-5(-7)-jugate; leaflets firmly herbaceous to coriaceous, sessile to 5(-15) mm stalked, blade (1.7-)2.4-3.0(-3.4) times as long as wide, widest about the middle or rarely above, (6-)8.5-16(-30) by (3-)5½-6(-8) cm; base very unequal, acute to subcordate, top shortly acuminate, the tip obtuse to acute, rarely the top rounded to acutish; margin entire, rarely serrate; surfaces glabrous to hirsute, especially underneath and on the nerves, sometimes underneath with domatia and/or thin flat greyish (never yellow) scales. In juvenile specimens and suckers leaves large, the leaflets serrate, hirsute. Inflorescences mostly bisexual, paniculate, lateral on leafy and on slightly older twigs, with 1(-0) central female catkin and 2-5 basal male catkins subtended by a caducous subulate bract 3-5 mm, rarely the basal catkins also female. Male catkins (5-)10-18 cm long in all, 0-1 cm stalked; bracts 2-4 mm, the apical lobe sometimes mucro-like, the lateral lobes very irregular, narrow, sometimes much reduced, perianth whether or not reduced, very irregular, the lobes up to 2 mm long, a small proximal lobe mostly present. Stamens 8—12(-13), anthers (subsessile, equal or unequal, +-1 mm long, hirsute, connective 1/4-1/2 mm pointed. Fruiting catkins (12-)21-40(-60) cm long in all, peduncle 2-10.5 cm, vigorous, angular, glabrous and/or greyish-scaly. Nut (sub)sessile, 3-4 mm diam., hispid, wing (2-)2¾-3¾(-6¼) cm long with the nut, (3-)7-9 mm wide, adaxial lobe undivided to 5-lobed, often very irregular; perianth lobes fairly equal, mostly small and connate with the style; style about as long as the stigmas, the whole +-3.5-9 mm long.
Primary evergreen forest. Seems to prefer the mountains up to 2000(-2500) m, especially frequent in the Casuarina forests on the volcanoes in Central and East Java. On the W. side of Mt Jang in E. Java it is known to form locally pure stands. Similar local dominance has been observed by DE VOOGD Trop. Natuur 30 1941 103 , on Mt Rindjani in Lombok; he also observed it pioneering in mountain savannahs. The dominance is due to succession and serai; with Pittosporum, Homalanthus gigan-teus, Vernonia arborea, Dodonaea, Wendlandia, etc. belonging to the pioneers of the rain-forest which try to invade the pyrogenous Casuarina junghuhniana stands.Often deciduous for a short time and then flowering, not in definite periods.
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Scrub or woodland. Dense, primary forests, more common on mountain slopes or in valleys from near sea level to elevations of 2,500 metres.
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