Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.

Monkeysoap (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Enterolobium

Characteristics

Spreading tree, often very large and buttressed on the trunk, the branchlets puberulent to glabrous, smooth. Leaves moderate, twice compound, few-ranked; petiole up to about 8 cm. long, subterete, swollen basally, glabrous or somewhat puberulent, bearing an ovoid gland on the upper side usually near the middle; rachis up to 15 or more cm. long, shallowly sulcate and submarginate above, glabrous or somewhat puberulent, bearing subcupular glands between the terminal and usually penultimate insertions of the pinnae; pinnae 4-15 pairs, opposite on the rachis, the pinnular rachis with sessile or partly sunken, oblong, concave glands near insertion of the terminal 1-4 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 15-30 pairs, opposite, small, inequilaterally oblong or oblong-subfalcate, 8-15 mm. long, obliquely rounded basally, obliquely acute-mucronate apically, subglabrous and dark above, appressed-puberulent and lighter below, the costa excentric; stipules not evident. Inflorescence of 1-3 pedunculate heads from several foliate or (more frequently) defoliate nodes of the young branchlets; peduncle 2-4 cm. long, puberulent or subglabrous; head globular, 10-15 mm. in diameter, multiflorate; bracts minute. Flowers small, sessile, whitish; calyx short tubular-campanulate, about 3 mm. long, puberulent or subglabrous on the tube, canescent-tomentulose on tips of the lobes, valvate in bud; corolla tubular-funnelform, 5-6 mm. long, subglabrous except canescent-tomentulose toward the tip, valvate in bud; stamens many, up to 12 mm. long, filaments united into a staminal tube for about half their length; anthers quadrangular, unappendaged; ovary glabrous, subsulcate laterally; style about equalling or slightly exceeding the stamens. Legume reniform, about 10 cm. across and 3-6 cm. wide, compressed, glabrous, lustrous, curved into a nearly complete circle.
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Trees, unarmed, deciduous, large, 10-20 m tall; crown spreading, thin. Young branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences white pubescent. Stipules caducous, small; petiole and rachis with glands; pinnae (3 or)4-9 pairs; leaflets 12-25(-30) pairs, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, 8-14 × 3-6 mm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, midvein close to upper margin, base truncate, apex mucronate. Heads globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., fas­ciculate or in racemes. Flowers greenish or white. Calyx ca. 3 mm, calyx and corolla pubescent. Corolla ca. 6 mm. Stamens numerous, basally connate into a tube. Legume black-brown, curved, auriculate-reniform, 5-7 cm in diam., fleshy, both ends rounded, indehiscent. Seeds 10-20, arranged in 2 rows, dark brown, shiny, narrowly ellipsoidal, ca. 1.5 cm, hard. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec.
A deciduous tree. It grows up to 30 m high. It has a large stocky trunk. It has small buttresses. The branches are heavy. The leaves are twice divided and feather like. They are deep green and there are 24 pairs of small leaflets and 50 larger leaflets. The flowers are small and greenish white. They occur in heads 1.5 cm across. The fruit is an ear shaped pod. It is 10 cm across and flat and coiled. It has several seeds.
Calyx c. 2.5 mm, pubescent especially at the apex of the lobes
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 25.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 3.0
Root diameter (meter) 0.5
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to tropical America. It grows in dry, lowland forest and savannah. It can tolerate drought. It has some salt tolerance. In Costa Rica it grows from sea level to 1,300 m altitude. It can grow in arid places.
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A climax, dominant species in subtropical, dry forest zones, restricted to disturbed areas in wetter forest types. Dry lowland forests and savannahs. Dry hillsides and by streams, usually below elevations of 300 metres in Guatemala.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The seeds are sometimes toasted and eaten. They are also put in stews. The yellow layer of the young pods is eaten. The seed coat is removed and then the seeds are roasted and used like coffee. Caution: They contain saponins and can be poisonous.
Uses animal food coffee substitute dye environmental use experimental purposes fiber fodder food fuel gum invertebrate food material medicinal poison shade timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits pods saps seeds
Therapeutic use Bronchitis (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 23 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Enterolobium cyclocarpum habit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum habit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Leaf

Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaf picture by Ethan Greer (cc-by-sa)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaf picture by Ethan Greer (cc-by-sa)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Flower

Enterolobium cyclocarpum flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Enterolobium cyclocarpum fruit picture by Paulino Randolf Paulino (cc-by-sa)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum fruit picture by Ethan Greer (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Enterolobium cyclocarpum world distribution map, present in Belize, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Panama, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Réunion, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, United States of America, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Enterolobium cyclocarpum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1037928-2
WFO ID wfo-0000194821
COL ID 39Y8F
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629623
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Feuilleea cyclocarpa Albizia longipes Mimosa cyclocarpa Enterolobium cyclocarpa Prosopis dubia Pithecellobium cyclocarpum Inga cyclocarpa Enterolobium cyclocarpum