Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight

Chinese parasoltree (en), Parasol chinois (fr), Firmania simple (fr), Firmania à feuilles de platane (fr), parasol chinois (fr), Sterculier à feuilles de platane (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Firmiana

Characteristics

Trees single or multi-stemmed, 10–15(–20) m; bark green with paler greenish white vertical stripes, becoming gray or chalky white, smooth. Leaves: petiole 15–30(–40) cm; blade palmately 3–5-lobed, rarely unlobed, broadly ovate, lobes often constricted at base, (8–)12–40 × (12–)20–50 cm, membranous, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces abaxially minutely stellate-puberulent with domatia in axils of primary and secondary veins, adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences terminal, erect, paniculate, 20–50 × 20–100 cm, often borne on leafy branches; bracts caducous. Pedicels articulated, 2–3(–5) mm. Flowers: calyx 7–9(–10) mm, divided nearly to base, tube cupuliform, lobes reflexed, lanceolate-oblong, abaxially puberulent, adaxially villous in throat proximally, androgynophore exserted, glabrous. Staminate flowers: androgynophore to 2 cm; anthers irregularly fascicled; pistillode obscured by anthers. Pistillate flowers: androgynophore to 0.5 cm; ovary densely stellate-pubescent. Follicles pendant, ovate-lanceolate, 6–11 × 2.5–4.5 cm, abaxially stellate-puberulent or glabrous. Seeds (1–)2–4, 6–7 mm diam. 2n = 40.
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Deciduous trees, up to 16 m tall; bark greenish, smooth. Petiole 15-30 cm; leaf blade cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, 15-30 cm in diam., lobes triangular, both surfaces glabrous or minutely puberulent, basal veins 7, base cordate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, 20-50 cm. Calyx yellowish green, 7-9 mm, divided nearly to base, lobes linear, twisted outward, abaxially puberulent and yellowish, adaxially villous only basally; pedicel nearly as long as calyx. Male flower: androgynophore as long as calyx, thicker in lower part, glabrous. Anthers 15, irregularly fascicled, pistillode pear-shaped and very small. Female flower: ovary globose, hairy. Follicle membranous, stalked, foliaceous, 6-11 × 1.5-2.5 cm, 2-4-seeded, abaxially puberulent or nearly glabrous. Seeds globose, ca. 7 mm in diam., wrinkled. Fl. Jun. 2n = 40*.
A tree. It can have several stems. It loses its leaves during the year. It grows to 20 m high. It spreads 10 m wide. It has smooth bark. It is green but ages to grey. The leaves have 3-7 lobes. They are arranged like fingers on a hand. They are 30 cm across. They turn soft yellow before falling. The flowers are small and cream. They are in large groups on the ends of branches and in the axils of leaves. The fruit are reddish, papery, leaf-like follicles. These split and expose the seeds before they drop.
Tree to 15 m; lvs 8–40 cm long and wide, stellate-hairy on both sides at first, later ± glabrate especially above, the 3–5 lobes sharp-pointed; fls in large mixed panicles to 4 dm; cal-lobes 5, narrow, firm, yellow or white inside, densely stellate outside, spreading-reflexed, to 10 mm, much longer than the tube; follicles thin and flat, to 12 × 5 cm, densely stellate; seeds pea-sized; 2n=50. Native of se. Asia, cult. in se. U.S. n. to Va. and Md., and occasionally escaped. June, July.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 10.0
Mature height (meter) 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a subtropical plant. It is native to E Asia. It can grow in light shade. It needs wind protection. It can tolerate salt spray. It can stand very light frosts. It is best in well drained loams. It can tolerate fairly acid or alkaline soils. It suits hardiness zones 7-10. Hobart Botanical Gardens. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Seaside thickets in Japan. Along the sides of roads at low elevations.
Seaside thickets in Japan. Along the sides of roads at low elevations.
Light 4-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-10

Usage

The seeds are cooked and eaten as a delicacy. They are also roasted and used for a tea drink. The gum is used for chocolates.
Uses animal food environmental use fiber food fuel gum material medicinal tea wood
Edible gums seeds
Therapeutic use Pneumonia (leaf), Laxatives (plant exudate), Pharyngitis (plant exudate), General tonic for rejuvenation (plant exudate), Pregnancy (root), Pneumonia (stem), Aphthae (unspecified), Grey Hair (unspecified), Carbuncle (unspecified), Mammary (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Shampoo (unspecified), Stomatitis (unspecified), Abscess (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Hairblack (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The seed should be sown as soon as they ripen. The pulp should be washed from the seed. Seedlings should be grown for one year before planting out. They are easy to transplant. Trees should be spaced 6-10 m apart.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Firmiana simplex habit picture by HugoFara (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Firmiana simplex leaf picture by Matt Futral (cc-by-sa)
Firmiana simplex leaf picture by Linda D (cc-by-sa)
Firmiana simplex leaf picture by HugoFara (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Firmiana simplex flower picture by Brad Kelley (cc-by-sa)
Firmiana simplex flower picture by fulai fulai (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Firmiana simplex fruit picture by Brad Kelley (cc-by-sa)
Firmiana simplex fruit picture by Richard Law (cc-by-sa)
Firmiana simplex fruit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Firmiana simplex world distribution map, present in China, Japan, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Pakistan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Firmiana simplex threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823357-1
WFO ID wfo-0000691059
COL ID 6J4SC
BDTFX ID 27956
INPN ID 98730
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Sterculia pyriformis Sterculia tomentosa Sterculia fiorniana Sterculia platanifolia Firmiana platanifolia Hibiscus simplex Caucanthus platanifolia Clompanus pyriformis Firmiana chinensis Firmiana platanifolia Clompanus simplex Sterculia simplex Culhamia hadiensis Culhamia platanifolia Culhamia simplex Culhamia triloba Firmiana platanifolia var. tomentosa Firmiana simplex