Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall

Tree to 25 m; bark flaky; lfls 5–9, usually 7, lanceolate or lance-ovate to oblong or elliptic, acuminate to a blunt or acute tip, serrate to crenulate or subentire, not papillose beneath, acute or broadly cuneate and often inequilateral at base, usually ± decurrent onto the short petiolule or subsessile; twigs and lvs densely pubescent to often glabrous; terminal bud acute, higher than wide; lf-scars with truncate or barely concave upper margin; anthers of no. 1; fr linear to spatulate, the wing extending to about the middle of the body, its free part, above the terete or subterete body (this mostly less than 2 mm wide) commonly shorter than the body itself and 3–8, usually 5–6 mm wide; cal 1–1.5 mm, usually cleft on one side; 2n=46. Moist or often wet woods; N.S. and Que. to Alta., s. to Fla. and Tex. (F. campestris) Typical F. pennsylvanica, with the twigs, infl, and lower surfaces of the lvs densely hairy, is called red ash. Glabrous plants are called green ash; these have been segregated as var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald (F. lanceolata), but are probably not taxonomically significant.

It is native to North America. Temperate. It does best with a moist soil. It often grows in the bottoms of river valleys. It can tolerate some shade. It can stand many weeks of flooding when dormant. In East Africa it grows between 1,500-2,800 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 4-10. Arboretum Tasmania.

The soft inner bark is scraped and cooked and eaten.

Seed can lie dormant in the soil for several years before germinating.