Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson

Lowveld mangosteen (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Clusiaceae > Garcinia

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree (0.9–)3–18(–21) m. tall, usually of gnarled appearance, with dense mostly rounded crown, short twisted bole and long horizontal or pendulous branches; bark rough or ± smooth, usually slightly fissured, the slash mostly exuding a yellow or red resinous latex which may be almost lacking in specimens growing in rocky areas.. Leaves mostly in whorls of 3 (rarely 4 or opposite); blades exceedingly variable in shape, lanceolate to oblanceolate to oblong or obovate or even ± round, 4–14(–17) cm. long, 1.5– 11.5 cm. wide, emarginate or rounded to acute or apiculate at the apex, cuneate to rounded at the base, mostly very coriaceous, entire to somewhat crenate, pale to dark green, ± glaucous beneath; venation prominent and reticulate on both surfaces; secretory canals not visible; petiole 4–8 mm. long, channelled above, transversely wrinkled, with ligule prominent.. Flowers sweet-scented and very attractive to insects, polygamous, in crowded fascicles of 5–15 or more on the older mostly leafless parts of branchlets but sometimes in the axils of older leaves; pedicels red, 0.4–2(–3.5) cm. long, varying in thickness.. Sepals green, unequal, 4, in 2 opposite and decussate pairs, or 3, oblong or ± round, (l–)2–5.5 mm. long (l–)3–6 mm. wide, cucullate.. Petals 5(–8), green or creamy white to pale yellow, with translucent colourless margins and ± translucent orange or reddish longitudinal glandular lines, obovate, elliptic or rounded, 3–6(–11) mm. long, 3–6.5(–11) mm. wide.. Male flowers with numerous apparently free stamens inserted in a fleshy subglobose cushion 5 mm. wide, made up of the united fasciclodes; filaments white, 2–2.5 mm. long; anthers yellow or reddish.. Hermaphrodite and ♀ flowers with fewer stamens or staminodes inserted on a fleshy ring below the ovary; ovary globose, 2(–3)-locular; stigma greenish white, fleshy, adnate, 2-lobed.. Fruit yellow, red or orange, sometimes pinkish tinged, plum-like, ovoid, ellipsoid, obovoid or globose, l–2.5(–4) cm. long, 1–3 cm. in diameter, sometimes compressed, edible.. Seeds l–2(–3), oblong-ellipsoid, cylindric or plano-ovoid, 1.5–2.1 cm. long, 8–11 mm. in diameter or ± 8 mm. thick and ± 1.1 cm. wide.. Fig. 5.
More
Shrub or tree up to 12 m high, narrowly triangular when young, becoming bushy and virgate; branchlets 3-whorled, thick, flattened or angled towards apex; bark moderately smooth, grey with shallow furrows producing a chequered effect; sap yellow, thick. Leaves 3-whorled, rarely 4-or opposite; blade elliptic, ovate or obovate to broadly so, 6-11 cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, apex acute to rounded, mucronate, base broadly cuneate, rounded or cordate, midrib projecting more on lower side, lateral veins 10-12(-20), terminating in margin, tertiary venation variously conspicuous, margin entire or crenate, thickened, coriaceous, young leaves bright red; petiole 4-8 mm long, channelled above, transversely rugose. Flowers polygamous, in fascicles of 5-15 or more, in axils of older leaves on old wood; pedicels 0.8-1.3 cm long, varying in thickness. Sepals 4, unequal, in 2 opposite and decussate pairs, broadly elliptic to orbicular or triangular to transversely ovate, 1-3.5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, concave. Petals 3-7(9), ovate, obovate or orbicular, 4.5-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, concave, greenish white to cream or pale yellow with orange or reddish longitudinal glandular lines. Male flowers with numerous free stamens inserted on a fleshy cushion formed by the united fasciclodes. Bisexual (and female?) flowers with fewer stamens inserted in a fleshy fasciclodal ring below the ovary; ovary ovoid to globose, 2(3)-locular, 1.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, surmounted by fleshy bilobed stigma. Berry subglobose, 1-4 cm diam., yellowish red or orange, 1-2(3)-seeded. Seeds plano-ovoid, 1-2 cm long.
Shrub or tree to 18 m high, monoecious; exudate yellow or reddish. Twigs terete, arching. Leaves opposite or 3–4-whorled, glabrous; petiole 2–7 mm long, channelled; lamina discolorous, coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or oblancelote, 3.5–11 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide, base cuneate, rounded or cordate, apex acute, rounded, emarginate or apiculate; venation brochidodromous, primary vein raised in a groove adaxially and distinctly raised abaxially, secondary veins 9–15 pairs, pale yellow, raised on both surfaces, angle of divergence from primary vein 60–70o, intramarginal vein merges with margin. Inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, a fascicle, 2–7-flowered. Male flowers 8–10 mm diam.; sepals 4, 2-whorled, outer pair D-shaped, c. 1 mm long, inner pair orbicular, c. 2 mm long; petals 5, orbicular, 4.5–5.5 mm long; stamens c. 30 radiating like needles in a pin cushion from globose yellow disk androecium, not adnate to petals. Female flowers c. 7 mm diam.; sepals 4, outer pair D-shaped, c. 1.2 mm long, inner pair ovate, c. 2.5 mm long; petals 5, orbicular or obovate, c. 8 mm long; disk with c. 26 free staminodes; ovary 2-locular. Fruit (not seed in Australian material) a fleshy berry, globular or obovoid, 10–30 mm long, 10–30 mm wide, orange or reddish orange, staminodes usually persistent at base of pedicel.
Leaves in whorls of 3 (rarely of 4 or opposite), coriaceous, petiolate; lamina 4–14 × 1·5–11 cm., very variable, lanceolate or oblanceolate to oblong or obovate (or rarely ± orbicular), emarginate or rounded to acute or apiculate at the apex, cuneate to rounded at the base, sometimes with shallowly crenate margin, dark to pale green above, pale green and ± glaucous below, with prominent reticulate venation on both sides, the main laterals variable in number, not always distinct from the secondary laterals, and with no visible secretory system; petiole 4–8 mm. long, channelled above, transversely wrinkled; ligule prominent.
A slow growing evergreen shrub. It can grow to 5-10 m high and spread to 5 m wide. It has a twisted trunk. Most branches come out at right angles to the stem. The leaves are tough and leathery. They are 10-15 cm long and with white veins. They are glossy and dark green. The leaves come out in whorls of three. Fruit are about 5 cm across. They have a thin skin, are bright orange and usually have 2 seeds inside. There is a layer of orange pulp around these large seeds. The flesh is edible. The fruit grow on mature wood.
Petals 3–7 (9) mm. long, 1–11/2 times as long as the inner sepals, usually 5, but sometimes up to 8 (when they are linked with the sepals by transitional forms), obovate to orbicular, greenish-white to cream or pale yellow, with ± translucent, orange or reddish longitudinal glandular lines.
Shrub or tree, up to 12 m high. Leaves 3-whorled; petioles 4-8 mm long. Flowers in fascicles in axils of older leaves on old wood; staminal or staminodial fascicles absent. Flowers greenish white to cream or pale yellow with orange or reddish longitudinal glandular lines.
Glabrous shrub or tree, (3)4·5–12(18) m. high, ± pyramidal when young, later bushy; branches striate when young, later smooth, cylindric or somewhat triangular, spreading at first, becoming virgate.
Bisexual (and female?) flowers with fewer stamens (or staminodes?) inserted in a fleshy fasciclodal ring below the ovary; ovary globose, 2 (3)-locular, surmounted by a bilobed fleshy stigma.
Flowers polygamous, in fascicles of 5–15 or more in the axils of the older leaves and on the old wood; pedicels 4–20 (35) mm. long, varying in thickness.
Male flowers with numerous apparently free stamens inserted in a fleshy cushion formed by the united fasciclodes.
Berry 1–2·5 (3) cm. in diam., obovoid to globose, orange-yellow to reddish, 1–2 (3)-seeded.
Sepals unequal, 4 in 2 opposite and decussate pairs, or 3, oblong to orbicular, cucullate.
Seeds cylindric or ± plano-ovoid, 1·5–2 cm. long.
Shrub or branching tree to 50 ft. high
Fruits yellow or red
Petals white
Dark foliage
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 5.0
Mature height (meter) 8.5 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in the hot dry tropical lowlands. Trees grow best on acid soils. They have good salt tolerance. The leaves are wind resistant. Established trees are drought resistant but for best fruit production regular watering is needed. Trees are cold hardy. Trees can survive temperatures down to-3°C. Trees grow best with plenty of sunlight. They grow naturally in open woodland often under the shelter of larger trees. It grows in Miombo woodland. In Zimbabwe it grows up to 1,050 m above sea level. It does best with a pH of 5.5-7. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-12. In Cairns BG.
More
Riverine woodland or on rocky outcrops away from water; riverine forest or thicket; river banks in dry hilly areas from sea level to elevations of 1,900 metres.
By streams and rivers in savannah country.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit can be eaten fresh. They are also cooked with porridge. They are also used in ice cream, jam and drinks. They are used to make an alcoholic drink. It develops a purple colour. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer.
Uses animal food bee plant dye environmental use food fuel gene source gum invertebrate food material medicinal poison social use wood
Edible fruits gums leaves
Therapeutic use Antiprotozoal agents (aerial part), Central nervous system depressants (aerial part), Spasm (aerial part), Anti-bacterial agents (flower), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (root), Colonic neoplasms (root), Antiprotozoal agents (whole plant excluding root), Hypothermia (whole plant excluding root), Spasm (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

As male and female flowers occur on separate trees both male and female trees must be planted. A male tree can be grafted onto a female. Trees can be grown from seed but these take 5-6 years to reach fruiting age. Earlier fruiting can be achieved by grafting onto established rootstocks. Zinc deficiency is more common on alkaline soils. Trees can be grown by air-layering.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Garcinia livingstonei unspecified picture

Distribution

Garcinia livingstonei world distribution map, present in Angola, Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Mayotte, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, eSwatini, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:428049-1
WFO ID wfo-0000694422
COL ID 3F9Y9
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 807354
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Garcinia affinis Garcinia ferrandii Garcinia livingstonei Garcinia pallidinervia Garcinia angolensis Garcinia baikieana Garcinia kilossaria Garcinia pendula Garcinia ferrandii var. affinis Garcinia livingstonei var. pallidinervia