Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.F.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Clusiaceae > Garcinia

Characteristics

Trees 8-10 m tall, 15-45 cm in diam. Bark gray-brown. Branches numerous, slender, decussate, horizontal but usually ± distally pendulous, twigs distinctly angled. Petiole robust, V-shaped and somewhat clasping at base, 1.5-2.5 cm, angled and transversely wrinkled when dry, those of terminal 1 or 2 pairs on branchlet usually rose-colored; leaf blade shiny, elliptic or oblong to oblong-lanceolate, (14-)20-34 × (4-)6-12 cm, thickly leathery, midvein robust, raised on both surfaces; veins dense, to 35-40 pairs, near margin arching and anastomosing; tertiary veins and veinlets conspicuous, base ± broadly cuneate, margin involute, apex acute to obtuse, rarely acuminate. Corymbose cyme (2-)5-10(-14)-flowered, arising from leafless axils; peduncle 6-12 mm. Pedicels 1.8-3 cm. Flowers 5-merous, only female observed. Sepals and petals 3 large and 2 small, apparently ciliate. Staminode fascicles 5, ca. 3 mm, complanate, united below, upper parts free, each fascicle with 2-5 staminodes; fasciclodes 5, square, ca. 1 mm, strongly rugose. Ovary globose, usually 5-loculed; style short, ca. 1 mm; stigma peltate, apex concave, (3-)5-cleft. Mature berry yellow, globose or ovoid, sometimes oblique, 3-5 cm in diam., smooth or sometimes with orbicular lenticels, apiculate, sepals and staminal bundles usually persistent. Seeds 1-4, oblong or ovoid; testa brown, smooth. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Aug-Nov. 2n = 72, 80, 96.
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Shrub or tree to 7 (–20) m high, dioecous; exudate yellow or milky. Twigs fluted (having decorative grooves), brown to yellow. Leaves glabrous; petiole 10–25 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, ligulate; lamina discolorous, thickly coriaceous, elliptic or ovate or oblong, (12–) 20–32 (–41) cm long, (3.8–) 7.5–12 cm wide, base cuneate or rounded, margin recurved, apex acute, acuminate or apiculate; venation brochidodromous, primary vein slightly raised on upperside and distinctly raised on underside, secondary veins 20–25 pairs, divergence from primary vein 50–60o, prominently or slightly raised above and below; submarginal veins on lamina underside 1–3 mm from the margin. Male inflorescences with 4–8-flowered fascicles. Male flowers (not seen for Australian material) recorded as: 15 mm diam.; sepals 5; petals 5, c. 8 mm long; androecium 5-phalangiate; nectaries in between phalanges. Female inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, a reduced raceme fascicle-like, 2–14-flowered. Female flowers 10–12(–20) mm diam.; sepals 5, free, suborbicular, 3.5–4 mm long; petals 5, orbicular, 7.5–8 mm long; disk c. 5 mm wide; ovary 5-locular. Fruit a fleshy berry, ovoid or subglobose, apex acute, 30–65 mm long; 30–58 mm wide, yellow or orange; fruiting calyx lobes 5, 3–5.5 mm long.
A tree. It grows 8-15 m tall. The trunk is short and straight. The trunk is 40-50 cm thick. The crown is dense and shaped like a pyramid. The bark is grey-brown. The latex is white and sticky. The branches and leaves often droop. The twigs are angular. The leaves are large. They are 12-24 cm long by 4-7 cm wide. They are shiny above and rough underneath. They are pale green when young. The leaf stalk is 1-2.5 cm long. The male and female flowers are separate. The flowers occur in tufts of 4-10. These are white and about 1 cm across. The fruit is a golden yellow berry. They are 6-9 cm across. The skin is smooth and pale orange to dark yellow. The pulp is yellow, juicy and acidic. It usually contains 1-5 seeds. These are brown and 2.5 cm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 11.0 - 13.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It suits the hot humid tropical lowlands. It grows in dense humid forests of valleys or on hills; (100-(600)-1000(-1400) m altitude in China. It grows in seasonal rainforest and monsoonal rainforest. It suits humid locations. The tree will grow in cooler regions but fruit are not produced. It can tolerate shade and grow in poor soils including a high pH. It suits hardiness zones 11-12. In the Cairns Botanical Gardens. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Dense humid forests of valleys or on hills at elevations of 600-1,000 metres.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The ripe fruit can be eaten raw. They are acidic and are often cooked with other vegetables. The fruit can be used for making jams, curries, and vinegar. It can be used as a substitute for tamarind in cooking. The fruit can be eaten roasted or boiling.
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Cultivated for its edible fruit and dyestuff; the sap is as a source of 'gamboge', a gum-resin and yellow pigment with a range of uses, including dyeing Buddhist priest robes.
Uses dye environmental use food gene source gum material medicinal oil wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Astringents (bark), Dysentery (bark), Anthelmintics (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Asthma (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Cardiotonic agents (fruit), Cholagogues and choleretics (fruit), Constipation (fruit), Demulcents (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Emollients (fruit), Gastrointestinal diseases (fruit), Goiter (fruit), Heart diseases (fruit), Hemorrhoids (fruit), Lung diseases (fruit), Neoplasms (fruit), Scurvy (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Oral ulcer (leaf), Astringents (root), Diarrhea (seed), Dysentery (seed), Scurvy (seed), Angina pectoris, variant (unspecified), Antiparasitic agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are normally grown from seed. They can also be grown by grafting.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Garcinia xanthochymus unspecified picture

Distribution

Garcinia xanthochymus world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bhutan, China, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Honduras, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Garcinia xanthochymus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1164363-2
WFO ID wfo-0000694747
COL ID 6JWRP
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Stalagmitis pictoria Garcinia xanthochymus Garcinia pictoria Garcinia roxburghii Garcinia tinctoria Garcinia pictoria Garcinia tinctoria Xanthochymus pictorius Xanthochymus tinctorius