Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Gumhar (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Lamiaceae > Gmelina

Characteristics

Trees ca. 15 m tall; bark grayish brown; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences densely yellow-brown tomentose. Branchlets slightly 4-angled when young, becoming terete, lenticellate, leaf scars prominent. Petiole terete, 3.5-10 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 8-19 X 4.5-15 cm, thickly papery, base broadly cuneate to subcordate, apex acuminate; veins 3-5 pairs, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal, narrow thyrses; peduncle 15-30 cm. Calyx 3-5 mm, with several black discoid gland patches; teeth 5, sharply triangular. Corolla yellow, 3-4 cm, 2-lipped, sparsely glandular; lower lip 3-lobed, outside yellowish brown puberulent, inside glabrous; upper lip entire or slightly 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Stigma unequally 2-cleft. Drupes yellow when ripe and black when dry, ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5-2 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Jul.
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A tree which loses its leaves. It grows to 10-25 m high. The trunk is erect and the branches are horizontal. The bark is greyish brown. The bark peels off in thin flakes. Young parts are covered with silky hairs. The leaves have stalks. The leaves are 10-20 cm long by 7.5-14.5 cm wide. They are broadly oval and have a wedge shaped base. The leaves underneath are covered with hairs. The flowers are brown or yellow. The grow in loose flower clusters at the ends of branches. These are about 25 cm long. The fruit is fleshy and with a hard covering over the seed. It is oval and yellow outside when ripe. It has 1-2 oblong seeds. The fruit pulp is edible.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 25.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It is native from Pakistan to Malaysia. It grows in Nepal to about 1100 m altitude. It grows in shady places. In India it grows in coastal regions and also in deciduous regions of central India. It needs a wet climate. It does best with a rainfall between 750-4,500 mm per year. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. In Yunnan.
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Occurs in a variety of forest habitats, including tropical semi-evergreen, sub-montane, very moist teak forests, deciduous, sal and dry teak forests. It also occurs in Syzygium parkland and low alluvial savannah woodland.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The seeds are eaten. The fruit are eaten. They are also pickled. The flowers are mixed with glutinous rice to make a cake like dish. They are used for flavouring and colouring. The boiled flowers are fried and eaten.
Uses charcoal construction dye fodder medicinal oil ornamental tea timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Antiviral agents (aerial part), Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antidotes (bark), Anti-inflammatory agents (bark), Antioxidants (bark), Antipyretics (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Antiviral agents (bark), Appetite stimulants (bark), Arthralgia (bark), Asthma (bark), Cough (bark), Dandruff (bark), Demulcents (bark), Dysentery (bark), Dyspepsia (bark), Edema (bark), Facial paralysis (bark), Fatigue (bark), Fever (bark), Fractures, bone (bark), Furunculosis (bark), Hematologic diseases (bark), Hemorrhage (bark), Hemorrhoids (bark), Hypoglycemic agents (bark), Inflammation (bark), Insect bites and stings (bark), Labor pain (bark), Laxatives (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Malaria (bark), Pain (bark), Pharyngitis (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Scorpion stings (bark), Stomach diseases (bark), Thirst (bark), Tuberculosis (bark), Vertigo (bark), Antirheumatic agents (flower), Astringents (flower), Bites and stings (flower), Cough (flower), Fatigue (flower), Fever (flower), Furunculosis (flower), Gonorrhea (flower), Hematologic diseases (flower), Hypertension (flower), Leprosy (flower), Skin diseases (flower), Hair loss (fruit), Anemia (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit), Antirheumatic agents (fruit), Aphrodisiacs (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Arthralgia (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Constipation (fruit), Cough (fruit), Dandruff (fruit), Demulcents (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dysuria (fruit), Emaciation (fruit), Fever (fruit), Genital diseases, female (fruit), Heart diseases (fruit), Hemorrhage (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Leprosy (fruit), Leukorrhea (fruit), Liver diseases (fruit), Lung diseases (fruit), Metabolism (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Thirst (fruit), Ulcer (fruit), Urination disorders (fruit), Urologic diseases (fruit), Urticaria (fruit), Vaginal diseases (fruit), Vaginitis (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Wounds and injuries (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antidotes (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Antimutagenic agents (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Arthralgia (leaf), Bites and stings (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Cough (leaf), Demulcents (leaf), Fever (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Gonorrhea (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hematologic diseases (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Lice infestations (leaf), Scorpion stings (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Tuberculosis (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Abdominal pain (root), Immunostimulant (root), Analgesics (root), Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (root), Anthelmintics (root), Antidotes (root), Antioxidants (root), Antipyretics (root), Antirheumatic agents (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Arthralgia (root), Bites and stings (root), Common cold (root), Constipation (root), Cough (root), Demulcents (root), Digestive system diseases (root), Dyspepsia (root), Emaciation (root), Erectile dysfunction (root), Fatigue (root), Fever (root), Furunculosis (root), Galactogogues (root), Gonorrhea (root), Gout (root), Hallucinations (root), Headache (root), Hematologic diseases (root), Hemorrhage (root), Hemorrhoids (root), Inflammation (root), Insect bites and stings (root), Laxatives (root), Liver diseases (root), Malaria (root), Mouth diseases (root), Pain (root), Premature ejaculation (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Scorpion stings (root), Snake bites (root), Thirst (root), Tuberculosis (root), Ulcer (root), Urination disorders (root), Urologic diseases (root), Vomiting (root), Cooling effect on body (root), Hemagglutination (seed), Epilepsy (shoot), Cachexia (stem), Digestive system diseases (stem), Fever (stem), Hematologic diseases (stem), Hemorrhage (stem), Hypoglycemic agents (stem), Inflammation (stem), Pain (stem), Anti-poisoning (stem), Thirst (stem), Vertigo (stem), Anasarca (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Anthrax (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Bite (unspecified), Bite(Rat) (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Bite(Tiger) (unspecified), Blood (unspecified), Choking (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Delirium (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Gravel (unspecified), Intoxication (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Rinderpest (unspecified), Septicemia (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Urticaria (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Thigh (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Madness (unspecified), Phthisis (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Alcoholic intoxication (unspecified), Hair loss (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anticonvulsants (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Brain diseases (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Demulcents (unspecified), Digestive system diseases (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dizziness (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Emaciation (unspecified), Fractures, bone (unspecified), Galactogogues (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Kidney calculi (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Lung diseases (unspecified), Memory disorders (unspecified), Myiasis (unspecified), Nervous system diseases (unspecified), Nootropic agents (unspecified), Obesity (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Pharyngitis (unspecified), Puerperal disorders (unspecified), Scorpion stings (unspecified), Sepsis (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Tongue diseases (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Tuberculosis, pulmonary (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified), Lip diseases (unspecified), Rheumatoid arthritis (unspecified), Abdominal pain (whole plant), Appetite stimulants (whole plant), Astringents (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Hematologic diseases (whole plant), Hemorrhoids (whole plant), Leprosy (whole plant), Pain (whole plant), Scorpion stings (whole plant), Snake bites (whole plant), Ulcer (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown by seed. It can also be grown by cuttings, budding or grafting. It is best to soak seeds for 24 hours before planting. Seeds germinate in 20-50 days. Seeds are sown in a nursery then transplanted.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 34
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Gmelina arborea habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Gmelina arborea leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Gmelina arborea leaf picture by Vikram Kumar (cc-by-sa)
Gmelina arborea leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Gmelina arborea flower picture by Uday Wali (cc-by-sa)
Gmelina arborea flower picture by Franck Prejger (cc-by-sa)
Gmelina arborea flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Gmelina arborea world distribution map, present in Andorra, Benin, Bangladesh, Belize, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gambia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Thailand, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Viet Nam

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:862926-1
WFO ID wfo-0000974016
COL ID 3GJJK
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 629773
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Gmelina rheedei Gmelina sinuata Gmelina arborea var. canescens Gmelina arborea var. glaucescens Gmelina arborea