Heliotropium curassavicum L.

Salt heliotrope (en), Héliotrope de Curaçao (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Boraginales > Boraginaceae > Heliotropium

Characteristics

Branched prostrate glabrous somewhat fleshy ± glaucous perennial herb with radiating stems 7–20(–40) cm. long, usually from a deep rhizome or tuber; flowering stems ± ascending.. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 1–5 cm. long, 3–8(–20) mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, ± succulent and juicy.. Inflorescences terminal or extra-axillary and lateral along the leafy stems, single, paired or rarely ternate, densely-flowered scorpioid cymes, elongating in fruit to up to 10 cm.; bracts absent; pedicels obsolete.. Calyx lobed almost to the base; lobes ± equal, lanceolate or oblong, 1–1.4 mm. long, ± obtuse, ± accrescent in fruit, fleshy.. Corolla white, mostly with a greenish yellow eye and sometimes a faint pink stripe on the lobes; tube cylindrical, 1–1.5 mm. long, 0.8–1.2 mm. diameter, slightly shorter than the calyx-lobes; limb 1.5–3(–10) mm. diameter, the lobes rounded, 0.6–1 mm. long, 0.8–1.3 mm. wide, ascending or somewhat spreading.. Anthers lanceolate, pointed, not cohering, held about 0.5 mm. above the corolla base, 0.8–1 mm. long, subsessile.. Stigma 0.5 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, conic with a truncate obscurely 4-lobulate apex, becoming discoid and somewhat 4–5-sided in fruit.. Fruit 4-lobed, 2–2.5 mm. tall, 2–3 mm. wide, smooth; nutlets 4, obscurely didymous, the backs smooth and rounded, ventrally angled, rough; each nutlet 1-seeded with a bony endocarp and dorsally with a thick layer of firm vesicular exocarp which acts as a float for water dissemination.
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Prostrate or decumbent annual or perennial fleshy herb, much branched, glaucous, quite glabrous. Leaves alternate or subopposite [as 'supposite'], 15-30(45) x 2-6 mm, narrowly oblong to narrowly obovate, rounded at apex, narrowed gradually to the base into a short petiole, entire, fleshy, slightly verrucous. Cymes moderately dense, ebracteate, slightly scorpioid, up to 8 cm long when completely expanded, single or 2, rarely to 4 on each short common peduncle, terminal. Flowers subsessile. Calyx c. 2 mm long, irregularly divided; tube none to as long as 1/3 of the calyx; lobes usually subequal, ovate to narrowly triangular, apex subacute to rounded, slightly inflexed. Corolla usually overlapping the calyx a little, salver-shaped, white; tube 1.5-2.0 mm long; lobes usually unequal, the largest one up to 1.0 mm long, triangular-ovate to oblong, rounded at apex. Stamens inserted at 1/3-1/2 of the corolla tube; anthers c. 0.8 mm long, narrowly ovoid, apiculate, subcordate at base, subsessile. Ovary ovoid. Style very short; stigma umbrella shaped without sterile appendix. Fruits c. 2 mm long, ± globulose; nutlets ovoid, free at maturity, with the outer surface rugose, the inner one with a ± circular cavity or a shell-shaped depression.
Herbs, prostrate, the stems 0.5 m long or longer, glabrous, succulent, some-times glaucous on the younger parts. Leaves alternate or somewhat fasciculate, oblanceolate, lanceolate, or spatulate, obtuse, entire, the bases attenuate, to 4 cm long and 1 cm wide, glabrous, succulent, somewhat glaucous; petioles indistinct. Inflorescences + spikes, unilateral, mostly terminal, ca 2-5 cm long, the bracts absent. Flowers sessile, + actinomorphic; calyx of 5 sepals, slightly connate basally, elongate-deltoid, ca 1.2-1.5 mm long; corolla salverform, white, the tube somewhat saccate, ca 1.2 mm long, each lobe ca 0.8 mm long; stamens 5, + sessile, the anthers ca 0.6-0.7 mm long; ovary 4-lobed, the disk obscure, the style absent, the stigma conical, annular-pubescent at the widened base. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into 4 nutlets at maturity, the nutlets glabrous, wedge-shaped, ca 1.6-1.7 mm long.
Glabrous perennial with scattered stems from stout creeping roots, somewhat fleshy, prostrate or decumbent, 2–5 dm; lvs linear or linear-oblanceolate, 1–4 cm × 2–5 mm; spikes seldom over 5 cm, the terminal ones usually paired on a peduncle, the lateral usually solitary and sessile or nearly so; cor 2–3.5 mm wide, white with a yellow eye; mature cal spreading; fr depressed-ovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm, soon splitting into 4 nutlets; 2n=26, 28. Native of tropical Amer., established as a weed, especially in saline soil, in s. U.S. n. to Del. and occasionally as a weed farther n. May–Sept. Ours are var. curassavicum. The well marked var. obovatum A. DC. (H. spathulatum) of interior w. U.S., with broader, more oblanceolate or even oblate lvs 6–18 mm wide and with the cor 5–9 mm wide, often with a purple eye, may possibly extend to w. Minn.
Annual, prostrate to ascending, more or less succulent herb. Stems much branched, 5-50 cm or more long, glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked to sessile, oblong, spathulate, lanceolate to linear, glaucous, 1-5 by 0.3-1 cm, glabrous. Cymes spike-like, 3-10 cm long, dense, ebracteate, usually forked once. Calyx subsessile, short, cleft to the base into 5 linear, acute lobes, glabrous. Corolla l-2.5(-3) mm long, white or bluish with a yellow centre, tube broadening towards base, longer or equalling the calyx, lobes 5, rounded. Stamens: anthers subsessile, sagittate, mucronate at apex. Pistil: style indistinct, stigma 0.2 mm long, with a broad, discoid base. Fruit breaking up into 4 nutlets; nutlets 1.6-1.8 mm long, wedge-shaped, smooth at first, later sometimes rugulose, glabrous.
Perennial, succulent herb. Stems annual, procumbent from a woody rootstock, glabrous; stems procumbent or erect (flowering branches), up to 0.5 m high. Leaves bluish green, sessile or blade decurrent; blade narrowly obovate, 10-65 x 1-13 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse, margin entire, lower surface with undeveloped hairs. Flowers in helicoid cymes, ebracteate; upper part of style head discoid; calyx persistent, lobes triangular, shorter than corolla, ± 3 mm long in fruit; corolla with tube cylindrical, ± 2 mm long, naked in throat, lobes oblong, ± 1 mm long, apex rounded, white or light cream-coloured; Sep.-Apr. Fruit of nutlets, ± 2 mm long, glabrous, rugose.
Perennial herb with annual, succulent stems from a woody rootstock, glabrous. Stems procumbent or erect (flowering branches), up to 0.5 m high. Leaves sessile; blade narrowly obovate, decurrent, attenuate, bluish green. Flowers in helicoid cymes. Calyx shorter than corolla. Corolla white or light cream-coloured. Flowering time Sept.-Apr. Fruit of 4 glabrous, rugose nutlets.
A shrub. It lives for only a few years. It forms a mound. It grows 40 cm high and spreads 60 cm wide. The stems and leaves are fleshy. The leaves are narrow and sword shaped and 5 cm long. They are light green. The flowering stalk is at the ends of the plant. It can be 10 cm wide and is first cream but matures to purple.
Corolla usually overlapping the calyx a little, salver-shaped, white; tube 1.5–2.0 mm. long; lobes usually unequal, the largest one up to 1.0 mm. long, triangular-ovate to oblong, rounded at apex.
Leaves alternate or supposite, 15–30(45) x 2–6 mm., narrowly oblong to narrowly obovate, rounded at apex, narrowed gradually to the base into a short petiole, entire, fleshy, slightly verrucous.
Calyx c. 2 mm. long, irregularly divided; tube none to as long as; of the calyx; lobes usually subequal, ovate to narrowly triangular, apex subacute to rounded, slightly inflexed.
Prostrate or decumbent annual or perennial herb, fleshy, glabrous, glaucous. Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly obovate. Corolla lobes triangular-ovate to oblong. Flowers white.
Fruits c. 2 mm. long, ± globulose; nutlets ovoid, free at maturity, with the outer surface rugose, the inner one with a ± circular cavity or a shell-shaped depression.
Erect or procumbent, annual or perennial halophyte, up to 500 mm tall. Leaves spathulate, bluish green, succulent. Flowers in a helicoid cyme, white. Nutlets rugose.
Cymes moderately dense, ebracteate, slightly scorpioid, up to 8 cm. long when completely expanded, single or 2, rarely to 4 on each short common peduncle, terminal.
Erect or prostrate, annual or perennial halophyte. Leaves spathulate, bluish green, succulent. Flowers in a helicoid cyme, white. Nutlets rugose.
Stamens inserted at 1/31/2 of the corolla tube; anthers c. 0.8 mm. long, narrowly ovoid, apiculate, subcordate at base, subsessile.
Prostrate or decumbent annual or perennial fleshy herb, much branched, glaucous, quite glabrous.
Style very short; stigma umbrella shaped without sterile appendix.
Flowers subsessile.
Ovary ovoid.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support climber free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.6
Mature height (meter) 0.45 - 0.5
Root system creeping-root rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 0.3
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in the tropics and subtropics. It can grow on sandy and salty soils. In Pakistan it grows from sea level to 300 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
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Saline or alkaline flats, plains and meadows, usually along seashores, at elevations from sea level to 600 metres.
Light 7-8
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 5-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-11

Usage

The leaves are used in salads and as a potherb. Dried leaves are brewed into tea. The ashes of the plant are used as a substitute for salt. Caution: It is toxic for animals.
Uses medicinal poison potherb tea
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Anticonvulsants (leaf), Diuretic (root), Emetic (root), Throat Aid (root), Dermatological Aid (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Antidiarrheal (unspecified), Misc. Disease Remedy (unspecified), Venereal Aid (unspecified), Salt (unspecified), Tea (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Sore (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 42
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 23
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Heliotropium curassavicum habit picture by Serge Fournier (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum habit picture by Collados Ana (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum habit picture by Serge Fournier (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Heliotropium curassavicum leaf picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum leaf picture by Monteiro Henrique (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum leaf picture by Sébastien Alcaraz (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Heliotropium curassavicum flower picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum flower picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum flower picture by Serge Fournier (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Heliotropium curassavicum fruit picture by Llandrich anna (cc-by-sa)
Heliotropium curassavicum fruit picture by Llandrich anna (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Heliotropium curassavicum world distribution map, present in Angola, Anguilla, Albania, Argentina, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Botswana, Chile, Colombia, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Algeria, Ecuador, Spain, France, Guadeloupe, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Libya, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Madagascar, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Paraguay, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, El Salvador, Suriname, Turks and Caicos Islands, Thailand, Tunisia, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uruguay, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and South Africa

Conservation status

Heliotropium curassavicum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:116784-1
WFO ID wfo-0000718508
COL ID 3KCDY
BDTFX ID 31464
INPN ID 101141
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Heliotropium xerophilum Coldenia succulenta Heliotropium virens Heliotropium lehmannianum Heliotropium glaucophyllum Heliotropium chenopodioides Heliotropium chilense Heliotropium portulacoides Heliotropium angustifolium Heliotropium glaucum Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum Heliotropium curassavicum var. chenopodioides Heliotropium curassavicum var. violaceum Heliotropium curassavicum var. xerophilum Heliotropium curassavicum

Lower taxons

Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum Heliotropium curassavicum var. fruticulosum Heliotropium curassavicum var. argentinum Heliotropium curassavicum var. obovatum