Heritiera littoralis Aiton

Sundari tree (en), Toto-margot (fr), Faux-badamier (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Heritiera

Characteristics

A tree up to 30 m high with a silvery crown and wide spreading branch-like buttresses. The trunk can be 90 cm across. The bark is light coloured and coarsely furrowed. The leaves are grouped near the ends of branches and are dark green on top and with silvery scales underneath. The leaves are 14-29 cm long. The upper side of the leaves is smooth and without hairs while the under side is silvery. The flowering branches are borne in the axils of leaves and have many flowers. The flowers are small, and hang in tassels. The flowers are of one sex, yellowish green and bell shaped. The fruit are hard, woody, smooth and shiny and boat shaped. The fruit are in clusters near the ends of branches. Fruit are 5-10 cm long. There is one seed inside which is edible. The wood is very hard.
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Leaf-lamina c. 9–30 × 4–15 cm., very coriaceous, elliptic to ovate-or elliptic-oblong, apex acute or subobtuse, margin entire or undulate, base rounded or subcordate, green and glabrous above, with silvery scales covering the under surface and with scattered brown scales among them; petiole up to 2 cm. long, lepidote; stipules 5–6 mm. long, very caducous, lanceolate-subulate, lepidote.
Male flowers: calyx 5–6 mm. long, campanulate, tomentose, divided to about 1/3 of the way into 5 ovate acute lobes; androphore c. 1 mm. long, dilated at the base and surrounded by a minutely glandular cushion-like disk, with an apical ring of 5 anthers in a single series; vestigial style produced a little way through the centre of the ring.
Female flowers; as in the male but slightly larger and with 5 carpels connate into a broadly ovoid glabrous ovary tapering gradually to the styles, surrounded at the base by 5 free rudimentary stamens; styles 0·5–1 mm. long, connate; stigmas recurved.
Flowers yellowish-green, in much-branched stellate-tomentose panicles c. 5 cm. long in the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels up to 5 mm. long, articulated below the calyx; bracts and bracteoles up to 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, tomentose.
Ripe carpels 1–4, 6–8 × 3–4 cm., brown and shining, oblong-ovoid, strongly keeled along one side, 1-seeded.
Evergreen tree up to c. 16 m. tall; young branches lepidote, but soon glabrescent.
Seeds c. 3 × 2 × 1 cm., flattened, oblong-ellipsoid, brown.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 14.0 - 15.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. They are found in the inner part of the mangrove swamp and sometimes on dry land just at the back of the swamp in the tropics. They grow on sandy and rocky coasts. It can tolerate salt. They occur up to 50 m altitude. The trees occur from tropical Africa, India through Malaysia to Polynesia. It can grow in arid places. In Townsville palmetum.
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Mangrove forests. Transient zone from mangrove to fresh water swamp (landward side), rocky and sandy coasts, behind mangrove; often in mangrove on dryer places; near sea-level.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The seeds are eaten after roasting the fruit. They are bitter. The seeds are sometimes eaten with fish. The leaves are used in the preparation of tea.
Uses dye environmental use fodder food fuel gum material medicinal poison social use tea timber wood
Edible fruits leaves nuts seeds
Therapeutic use Hemorrhoids (bark), Appetite stimulants (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Female urogenital diseases (leaf), Headache (leaf), Pain (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Urologic diseases (leaf), Insecticides (root), Diarrhea (seed), Dysentery (seed), Toothbrush (shoot), Anti-bacterial agents (stem), Antifungal agents (stem), Chewstick (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Toothbrush (unspecified), Fishes, poisonous (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Trees grow wild. The fruit can float in sea water for long distances and then still germinate.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Heritiera littoralis leaf picture by asher rabdoulle (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Heritiera littoralis flower picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)
Heritiera littoralis flower picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Heritiera littoralis fruit picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)
Heritiera littoralis fruit picture by Oldak (cc-by-sa)
Heritiera littoralis fruit picture by Franck Prejger (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Heritiera littoralis world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guam, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mayotte, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Heritiera littoralis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823569-1
WFO ID wfo-0000720317
COL ID 3KZ5L
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447625
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Sutherlandia littoralis Heritiera littoralis Heritiera tothila Samadera littoralis Systemon fischeri Amygdalus litoralis Balanopteris minor Balanopteris tothila Heritiera fischeri Heritiera littoralis subsp. littoralis