Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C.Presl) Kubitzki

Species

Angiosperms > Laurales > Hernandiaceae > Hernandia

Characteristics

Shrub or tree 5-22 m high, dbh up to 90 cm (in Fiji up to 200 cm, A.C. Smith 1981). Leaves: petiole 5-17 cm long, peltately attached 0.5-3 cm from the margin; blade chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, shining above, dull beneath, narrowly or broadly ovate, or subcircular, 7-33 by 6-29 cm, apex acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, nerves 5-9, palmate, conspicuously white or yellow, the central nerve with 2-4 lateral nerves per side, arching towards apex, domatia absent. Inflorescence including the 6-20 cm long peduncle 10-30 cm long; involucre bracts elliptic to obovate, 2-6 by 1-3.5 mm. Flowers 3-merous (male) or 4-merous (female), greenish or white, fragrant. Male flowers: pedicel 4-4.5 mm long, tepals c. 5 mm long; anthers yellow, filaments c. 3 mm long, each basally with two subspathulate glands c. 1 mm long, free or pair-wise fused between the stamens. Female flowers: pedicel absent; flower (including the ovary) 8-10 mm long, ovary up to halfway enveloped by the cupule; tepals c. 5 mm long, style papillose, c. 3 mm long, surrounding glands 4 (sometimes more), firm, c. 1 mm long, free or fused, stigma pink; cupule in anthesis c. 2 by 3 mm, the margin entire or slightly undulate, in fruit loosely enclosing the drupe, inflated, bell-shaped, fleshy and waxy white or reddish, the margin of the orifice entire and slightly revolute. Drupe as long as the cupule or somewhat exserted, ellipsoid, 2.5-3 by 1.5-2.3 cm, faintly longitudinally 8-ribbed, slightly stalked or not, apex with an umbo, 8-10 mm wide, 2-3 mm high.
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Tree or shrub, 3–20 m. tall with spreading crown.. Leaves peltate, ovate, 7–30 cm. long, 6–22 cm. wide, obtuse to shortly acuminate at the apex, broadly rounded to rarely subcordate at the base, subcoriaceous, shining green above, with 8–9 nerves radiating from the base; petiole inserted 1–3 cm. from the lower margin, 5–17 cm. long.. Inflorescences inserted on the secondary or rarely tertiary axes of the thyrse, the flowers white or cream or greenish.. Buds subglobose, 3–3.5 mm. long and wide or rarely ellipsoid and up to 5 mm. long, ochraceous-tomentose.. Male flowers yellowish, 3–merous; filaments minutely puberulous with 2 very short spathulate glands usually connate in pairs between the stamens.. Female flowers 4-merous, the cupule cupuliform to turbinate, ± 2 mm. long with orifice ± 3 mm. wide, the margin truncate or slightly undulate, not constricted below the margin; ovary ovoid, ± 2 mm. long; stigmas orange; glands reddish orange.. Drupe black, ellipsoid, 2.5–3 cm. long, 1.7–2.3 cm. wide, with an apical boss 8–10 mm. wide, 2–3 mm. tall, not or very shortly stipitate at the base, slightly 8-ribbed, included in an inflated white, pinkish or rarely red cupule with a round orifice with slightly revolute margin.. Fig. 1.
Tree to 15 (–18) m high; stems glabrous. Leaves with petiole 6–25 cm long inserted 1–4 cm above base margin; lamina broadly ovate, bluntly acuminate, peltate, 10–30 cm long, 7–15 cm wide, coriaceous, glabrous, 3-veined at base. Panicle to 25 cm long; peduncle 7–18 cm long, glabrescent. Involucral bracts 4, obovate, 3–5 mm long, greenish white. Perianth segments elliptic, 4–6 mm long, minutely pubescent, white. Male flowers: pedicel c. 3 mm long; perianth segments 6; stamens 3. Female flowers: pedicel c. 2 mm; cupule c. 2 mm long; perianth segments 8; ovary c. 2 mm long; style straight. Fruit subglobular to ovoid, 8-ribbed with a rounded apical protuberance, 20–28 mm long, black; fruiting cupule ± broadly obovate, 2–3 cm long, translucent white, ageing pink; aperture 8–12 mm diam. See also Cooper & Cooper (2004: 229–230), Zich et al. (2020).
Trees. Bark smooth. Petiole nearly as long as blade; leaf blade peltate, ovate or orbicular-cordate, 20-40 × 15-30 cm, papery, glabrous, 3-7-veined, base rounded and cordate, apex acute. Peduncle 6-20 cm. Panicle axillary; involucral bracts 4, elliptic to obovate, 2-6 × 1-3.5 mm. Flowers axillary, 3 together in a corymb, lateral flowers staminate, central one pistil-late. Staminate flowers: pedicel tomentose; tepals 6, in 2 series; stamens 3; filaments with 2 basal glands, ca. 1 mm. Pistillate flowers: pedicel absent; tepals 8, in 2 series; style ca. 3 mm, papillose; stigma dilated, irregularly toothed; surrounding glands 4, ca. 1 mm. Fruit drupaceous, urn-shaped, costate, 3-4 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. year-round. 2n = 40.
A tree. The bark is smooth. The leaves are oval to heart-shaped. They are 20-40 cm long by 15-30 cm wide. The flowers are in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is fleshy and urn shaped. They are 3-4 cm across.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 5.0 - 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Grows in strand forest with Calophyllum inophyllum and Casuarina equisetifolia, usually in coralline sand; on beaches and rocky shorelines. On Cocos (Keeling) Islands, grows in strand forest with Calophyllum inophyllum and Cocos nucifera in coral sand.
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Sparse forests near sea level in southern China. Moist coastal woodland, rocky and sandy coasts.
It is a tropical plant.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The soft wood is used for floats, the woody seeds for necklaces, and the species has been researched for compounds, including alkaloids, that may have medical properties (Beasley 2009: 192).
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The ripe fruit are eaten fresh.
Uses animal food environmental use food material medicinal oil social use wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Cathartics (bark), Cathartics (leaf), Antidote(Ipoh) (unspecified), Depilatory (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Candlenut (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Skin care (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
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Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Hernandia nymphaeifolia leaf picture by James Bleckley (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia leaf picture by Corrina (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia leaf picture by helene caze (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Hernandia nymphaeifolia flower picture by Ahmed Shareef (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia flower picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia flower picture by Ahmed Shareef (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Hernandia nymphaeifolia fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia fruit picture by James Bleckley (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hernandia nymphaeifolia world distribution map, present in American Samoa, French Southern Territories, Australia, China, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guam, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Mauritius, Malaysia, Mayotte, Niue, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Seychelles, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, and South Africa

Conservation status

Hernandia nymphaeifolia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430812-1
WFO ID wfo-0000720609
COL ID 3L2H3
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 453044
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Sassafras mauritianum Biasolettia nymphaeifolia Hernandia vitiensis Hernandia peltata Hernandia sonora var. nymphaeifolia Hernandia nymphaeifolia