Hevea brasiliensis (willd. ex A.juss.) Müll.arg.

Rubber tree (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Hevea

Characteristics

Large trees, up to 30 m tall, with much milky juice. Petiole 5-15 cm, apex usually with 2(-4) glands; leaflets 3, elliptic, 10-25 × 4-10 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; lateral veins 10-16, reticulate veins prominent. Panicles axillary, to 16 cm, gray-white pubescent. Male flowers: sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm; stamens 10, in 2 series; anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers: sepals as in male, but larger; ovary (2 or)3(-6)-locular; stigmas 3, sessile. Capsules ellipsoidal, 5-6 cm in diam., with 3 longitudinal grooves, apex rostrate, base retuse; epicarp thinner, with reticulate stripes; endocarp thicker, woody. Seeds ellipsoidal, gray-brownish, maculate-striate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.
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Tree to 20 m high. Stipules lanceolate, 1–2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 6–30 cm long; leaflets elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, obovate or oblanceolate, 5.5–25 cm long, 2.5–10 cm wide; base attenuate to cuneate; tip acuminate; lateral veins 15–25 per side of midribs. Male flowers: calyx lobes lanceolate, 2–3.2 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, tube 1–1.8 mm long; staminal column 1.5 mm long, anthers 10. Female flowers: calyx lobes lanceolate, 2.4–4 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm wide, tube 1.8–2 mm long. Fruit globose, c. 40 mm long, 45 mm diam. Seeds ovoid, c. 23 mm long, 15 mm wide. [Description of fertile structures has been made from non-Australian material.]
Petioles 6–20(30) cm long, glabrous; petiolules 1–1.5 cm long; petiole gland reniform; leaflets 7–20(25) × 3–8(10) cm, the median leaflet larger than the others, obovate to elliptic, acuminate at the apex, attenuate or cuneate at the base, chartaceous, glabrous above and beneath, somewhat glaucous beneath; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral nerves in 15–25 pairs, looped just within the margin.
A deciduous tree. It grows 20 m tall. The bark is smooth and grey. The leaves have 3 leaflets. They are dark green and 30-60 cm long. They are arranged in spirals. The flowers are pale yellow and occur in large panicles. They have a scent. The fruit is a capsule. It is large and has 3 lobes. They are held in clusters. The explode on opening. The seeds are speckled and 2.5 cm long.
Male flowers: buds ovoid, acuminate; calyx lobes 2 × 0.5 mm, narrowly lanceolate, somewhat contorted, acuminate, subacute, tomentellous; tube 1 mm long; disk ± annular; staminal column 1.5 mm high, anthers 10, in 2 whorls of 5; pistillode narrowly conical, puberulous.
Female flowers: buds as in the male; calyx lobes larger than in the male, otherwise similar; tube 2 mm long; disk scarcely visible; ovary 2 × 2 mm, subglobose, minutely papillose; stigmas 0.3 mm long, ± sessile, grooved.
Inflorescences up to 20 cm long, subterminal below the apical tuft of leaves; axis sparingly pubescent; bracts 0.5 mm long, deltate, fugacious.
Seeds 2.3 × 1.5 cm, ovoid-cylindric, pale grey, mottled and streaked with darker grey.
Fruits c. 4 × 4.5 cm, shallowly trigonous, glabrescent.
Stipules 1 mm long, lanceolate.
Tree up to 20 m tall.
Branches ± erect.
Twigs glabrous.
Bark pale grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to the Amazon in Brazil. It grows in rainforest and along river banks. It suits humid locations. It does best with a pH of 5.5-6.5. It needs a minimum of 1,500 mm rain per year. In Java it grows up to about 1,000 m above sea level. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Along river banks in rainforests. Rainforest, often in periodically flooded areas, but larger trees are found on the well-drained plateaux. In its natural habitat, it forms part of the middle storey of the tropical forest.
The sole Australian locality is in rainforest near to old habitations.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

CAUTION: The seeds are poisonous until treated. They contain cyanic poisons. The seeds are eaten after prolonged periods of boiling. They are also fermented. The young leaves are cooked and eaten.
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Widely grown in the tropics for rubber production. Trialled for rubber production in the past on a small scale at various localities in north Qld. Also used in medicine, as fuel and food.
Uses animal food charcoal coffee substitute environmental use fiber fodder food fuel gene source material medicinal oil poison timber wood
Edible leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Contraceptive agents (seed), Insecticides (seed), Lice infestations (seed), Pest control, biological (seed), Repellant(Insect) (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seeds. Seeds need to be planted fresh. They can also be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 24 - 33
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Hevea brasiliensis leaf picture by Hawken Fox (cc-by-sa)
Hevea brasiliensis leaf picture by Hawken Fox (cc-by-sa)
Hevea brasiliensis leaf picture by Amberly Yeo (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Hevea brasiliensis flower picture by Lars Mannzen (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Hevea brasiliensis fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-sa)
Hevea brasiliensis fruit picture by RICHARD GASKELL (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hevea brasiliensis world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Benin, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Central African Republic, China, Costa Rica, Fiji, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, India, Peru, Togo, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Hevea brasiliensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:349913-1
WFO ID wfo-0000982080
COL ID 6LTD3
BDTFX ID 120799
INPN ID 448512
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Siphonia janeirensis Siphonia ridleyana Hevea granthamii Hevea randiana Hevea sieberi Hevea brasiliensis f. acreana Hevea brasiliensis f. angustifolia Hevea janeirensis Siphonia brasiliensis Hevea brasiliensis var. acreana Hevea brasiliensis var. angustifolia Hevea brasiliensis var. janeirensis Hevea brasiliensis var. latifolia Hevea brasiliensis var. randiana Hevea brasiliensis var. stylosa Hevea brasiliensis f. latifolia Hevea brasiliensis f. randiana Hevea brasiliensis