Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Oriental raisin tree (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Rhamnaceae > Hovenia

Characteristics

Trees, rarely shrubs, deciduous, to 10 m tall. Branchlets brown or black-purple, glabrous, with inconspicuous lenticels. Petiole 2-4.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate, broadly oblong, or elliptic-ovate, 7-17 × 4-11 cm, papery or thickly membranous, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially pilose on major veins, base truncate, rarely cordate or subrounded, margin irregularly serrate or coarsely serrate, rarely shallowly serrate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate. Flowers yellow-green, 6-8 mm in diam., in terminal, or rarely axillary, asymmetrical cymose panicles; rachis and pedicels glabrous. Sepals ovate-triangular, 2.2-2.5 × 1.6-2 mm, glabrous. Petals clawed, obovate-spatulate, 2.4-2.6 × 1.8-2.1 mm. Disk sparsely pilose. Ovary globose; style shortly 3-fid, 2-2.2 mm, glabrous. Fruit a 3-seeded nut, black at maturity, subglobose, 6.5-7.5 mm in diam., glabrous; peduncles and pedicels becoming fleshy and juicy at fruit maturity. Seeds deep brown or black-purple, 5-5.5 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
More
Tree 5–10 m high, glabrous or sparsely rusty-hairy on young stems, leaf veins and flowers. Leaves: lamina broadly ovate, 80–150 mm long, 45–100 mm wide, base cordate, apex acuminate; petiole 20–60 mm long. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, hemispherical or pyramidal, with 20–50 flowers; bracts early caducous. Flowers greenish or cream. Pedicels 1.5–3 mm long. Hypanthium 1.8–2.2 mm diam. Sepals 1.8–2 mm long. Petals 2–2.2 mm long. Stamens 2–2.4 mm; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. Style 1.8–2 mm long, slightly lobed or branched in upper third. Capsule greenish or brown, 5–8 mm long. Seed 4–5 mm long, reddish-brown or black.
A tree which loses its leaves in winter. It can grow to 22 m tall. The tree has a single trunk and a round crown. The lower branches often drop off. The bark is deeply cracked. The leaves overlap. The leaves are shiny green. They are 15 cm long and limp. Masses of small cream flowers occur. The fruit stalk is swollen and it is edible. The seed pod is inedible and falls off. The stalk turns red and lets light through. This fruit stalk falls to the ground and is then ready to eat.
Trees, 5–10 m, branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2–4.5 cm; blade ovate, broadly oblong, or elliptic-ovate, 7–17 × 4–11 cm, herbaceous, base truncate or rarely cordate to subrounded, margins serrate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, both surfaces glabrous or abaxial pilose on major veins. Inflorescences usually terminal, rarely axillary, 50–80-flowered. Flowers 6–8 mm diam.; petals 2.4–2.6 mm. Capsules purplish to black at maturity, subglobose, 6.5–7.5 mm, glabrous.
A tree with curious swollen edible peduncles.
A native of China and Japan
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 4.5
Mature height (meter) 9.0 - 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A temperate climate plant. Plants are cold hardy to-23°C. It can grow in shaded places but full sun helps improve flowering and ripening. It can grow in a range of soils. It does best with constant moisture. It needs protection from dry winds. It suits hardiness zones 6-9. Arboretum Tasmania. In XTBG Yunnan. In Sichuan.
More
Plains and mountains; at elevations up to 2,000 metres in W. China. Secondary forest; at elevations from 200-1,400 metres.
Plains and mountains to 2,000 metres in W. China. Secondary forest.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 4-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

Planted as a garden ornamental. Used in traditional and herbal medicine (e.g. see Sferrazza et al. 2021). "The fleshy rachis of the infructescence is sweet and edible and is used for making wine and candy. The timber is fine and hard and is used for building construction and fine furniture." (Chen & Schirarend 2007). See also Hovenia dulcis in K. Fern, Useful Temperate Plants (accessed 10 February 2022).
More
The fruit stalk is fleshy and edible. (It tastes like ripe pears.) They are also used for jellies. They can be dried and stored for several months. The stalks are used for drinks and for alcoholic drinks. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer. The sweet extract from the leaves and seeds is used as a honey substitute. The ripe fruit are also eaten. The fruit are fermented into vinegar.
Uses environmental use food gene source invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental timber wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Antimutagenic agents (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Antimutagenic agents (seed), Antivinous (unspecified), Convulsion (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Inebrity (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Rectum (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Restlessness (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Intoxication (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. The seed has a coat which prevents water entering so this needs to be cut with a small nick. Another method is to soak the seed to water at 60°C 3 times over 3 days. Seed then planted and placed in the sun will germinate in 1 to 4 weeks. Soft wood cuttings can also be used.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment scarification
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Hovenia dulcis leaf picture by Ribeiro Pimentel Ícaro (cc-by-sa)
Hovenia dulcis leaf picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)
Hovenia dulcis leaf picture by Flor Alex (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Hovenia dulcis flower picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)
Hovenia dulcis flower picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Hovenia dulcis fruit picture by Makoto Makoto (cc-by-sa)
Hovenia dulcis fruit picture by Silvana Fortti (cc-by-sa)
Hovenia dulcis fruit picture by Flor Alex (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hovenia dulcis world distribution map, present in Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Honduras, India, Japan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Paraguay, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Hovenia dulcis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:717558-1
WFO ID wfo-0000725083
COL ID 3MRB8
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448325
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Hovenia pubescens Hovenia dulcis var. glabra Hovenia dulcis var. tomentella Hovenia dulcis var. latifolia Hovenia dulcis

Lower taxons

Hovenia dulcis var. crassifolia