Hydrocharis dubia Backer

Species

Angiosperms > Alismatales > Hydrocharitaceae > Hydrocharis

Characteristics

Monoecious, sometimes apparently dioecious. Stolons 15-25 cm; gemmulae curved, subulate, at the base often with rootlets, 9-20 by 2-4 mm. Leaves emerged and often swimming, ovate-cordate to broad-ovate, 2.5-6 by 2½-7½ cm; apex obtusely rounded to broad acute; base more or less cordate or reniform, often truncate, sometimes cuneate; on the central part of the under-surface of the swimming leaves a well-developed, projecting, aerenchym-cushion, disappearing in old specimens; nerves 7-9, cross-veins ascending under an angle of 70°-80°, 1-6 mm spaced, veinlets very fine, 0.5 mm spaced; petiole thickened towards the base, with wide air-channels, 2.5-15 cm, septations 3-4 mm spaced. Stipule 1, obtuse, 0.5-2.5 cm. Spathe 1-2.5 by 0.5 cm; the ♂ one up to 2.5 cm peduncled; female spathe often smaller than the male one. Pedicels of the male flowers slender, 3-6 mm; those of the female ones 1-8.5 cm, after anthesis recurved, 1.5-2 mm thick. Sepals 4-8 by 2.5-4.5 mm, parallel-striped, with brownish spots. Petals white or rarely pale yellow, 8-15 mm; claw yellow. Stamens 12, 2 before each sepal and each petal, one before the other; the inner epipetalous stamens are staminodial or have a very small, orange-yellow anther; filaments dilated, yellow, hairy, 3.5 mm; anthers oblong, basifix, 1-1.5 mm; connective broad. Female flower with 3 pairs of linear, yellow, episepalous staminodes, those of each pair free or connate; before the petals a nectary. Ovary oblong-elliptic, 5-6 by 2.5 mm; styles split halfway in 2 arms, yellow, hairy; in the male flowers a glabrous, ribbed, yellow, knoblike rudiment of the carpels. Fruit 5-10 by 4-8 mm, filled with a tough mucilage. Seeds 1-1.5 mm; testa echinate.
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Leaves floating or sometimes emerged; blade cordate or orbicular, 4.5-5 × 5-5.5 cm, 5-7-veined, base cordate, apex rounded. Male flowers 5 or 6 in spathe; peduncles 0.5-3.5 cm; pedicels 5-6.5 cm; sepals ca. 6 × 3 mm; petals yellow, ca. 1.3 × 1.7 cm; stamens 12, inner 3 stamens staminodal; anthers 1-1.5 mm; staminodes hairy at base and papillose at apex. Female flowers larger than male flowers; sepals ca. 1.1 cm × 4 mm; petals white, yellow at base, ca. 1.5 × 1.8 cm; staminodes 6; glands 3, reniform; styles ca. 4 mm, with dense glandular hairs. Fruit berrylike, spherical to obovoid, 8-10 mm, ca. 7 mm in diam. Seeds gradually acute toward apex. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16.
A plant which grows in water and keeps growing from year to year. It can be free floating or root in mud. It has long creeping runners which are fleshy and branched. The leaves are 3-6 cm long by 3-6 cm wide. They are broadly oval, heart shaped or kidney shaped. The leaf stalks are 5-12 cm long. The leaves can be floating or above the water. They are bright green and shiny. They are spongy. The flowers are 2-3 cm across and white with a yellow centre. The male flowers are in groups of 1-4. The female flowers occur singly. They have longer stalks. The fruit are 5-10 mm long and about 5 mm wide. There are several lumpy seeds. These are 1-1.5 mm long.
Perennial aquatic; stolons rooted in shallow water, floating across deeper water. Leaves emergent and floating; petiole 5–14 cm long, with one median stipule to 3.1 cm long; lamina broadly ovate to ±circular, 2–6 cm long and nearly as wide, cordate to reniform or truncate at base. Spathe 1–2.5 cm long. Flowers aerial, erect, c. 2–3 cm diam. Sepals 4–5 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, green. Petals 10–15 mm long, rounded, white, yellow at very base. Male flowers 1–4, on short pedicels in pedunculate spathe. Female flowers solitary, on pedicel 1–8 cm long in sessile spathe. Fruit 5–10 mm long, about half as wide. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, tuberculate.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support aquatic
Foliage retention -
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) -
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It grows in tropical and warm temperate places. It grows in still water. It grows in wetlands. It suits shallow water in a sunny position. It grows in water up to 30 cm deep. It can then extend out into deeper water. It can only tolerate light frosts.
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Free swimming, or in shallow water rooting in the bottom, in the latter case with many emerged leaves; in pools and marshes, locally gregarious, for example in the Papuan (Melaleuca leucadendron) swamp forest, to 1200 m; fl. fr. Jan.-Dec.
In small shallow freshwater lagoons or swamps. 
Light -
Soil humidity -
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Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

Uses. Sometimes cultivated in fish-ponds as water cover.
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The leafy shoots are dried and eaten in winter.
Uses environmental use fodder food material medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Astringent (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or pieces of the runners.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
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Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Hydrocharis dubia unspecified picture

Distribution

Hydrocharis dubia world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Iceland, Japan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Hydrocharis dubia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:431797-1
WFO ID wfo-0000769380
COL ID 6MK7H
BDTFX ID 35069
INPN ID 103117
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Monochoria dubia Pontederia dubia Hydrocharis asiatica Hydrocharis parnassiifolia Hydrocharis parvula Limnobium dubium Hydrocharis cellulosa Hydrocharis morsus-ranae var. asiatica Hydrocharis dubia Boottia renifolia