Ilex crenata Thunb.

Japanese holly (en), Houx crénelé (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Aquifoliales > Aquifoliaceae > Ilex

Characteristics

Shrubs evergreen, 5-10 m tall; bark gray-black. Young branchlets gray or black, longitudinally angular, densely pubescent; older branchlets with leaf scars raised lunate, lenticels sparsely elliptic or circular. Stipules subulate, minute; petiole 2-3 mm, sulcate, pubescent; leaf blade abaxially greenish, adaxially green, shiny, obovate, elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 1-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially glabrous, densely brown glandular punctate, adaxially glabrous except on midvein, rugose when dry, midvein adaxially flat or slightly impressed, pubescent, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, obscure, reticulate veins indistinct, base obtuse or cuneate, margin crenate-serrate, apex rounded, obtuse, or subacute. Male inflorescences: cymes of order 1-3, 1-7-flowered, solitary, axillary on scales or lower leaves of current year’s branchlets, rarely pseudofasciculate on second year’s branchlets; peduncles 4-9 mm; secondary axis ca. 1 mm; pedicels 2-3 mm, bracteoles 1 or 2, subbasal; 1-flowered pedicels 4-8 mm, bracteoles 1 or 2, submedian; flowers white, 4-merous; calyx patelliform, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous, 4-lobed, lobes broadly deltoid, margin erose; petals 4, broadly elliptic, ca. 2 mm, basally slightly connate; stamens shorter than petals, anthers elliptic; rudimentary ovary conical, apex slightly apiculate or acute. Female inflorescences: cymes of order 1(or 2), 1(-3)-flowered, solitary, axillary on current year’s branchlets; pedicels 3.5-6(-12) mm, distal half slightly thickened, longitudinally ridged; bracteoles 1 or 2, submedian; flowers 4-merous; calyx ca. 3 mm in diam., 4-lobed, lobes rounded; corolla ca. 6 mm in diam., petals ovate, ca. 3 mm, basally slightly connate; staminodes ca. 1/2 as long as petals, sterile anthers sagittate; ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm, style sometimes distinct, stigma discoid, 4-lobed. Fruit black, globose, 6-8 mm in diam.; fruiting pedicel 4-6 mm; persistent calyx explanate, ca. 3 mm in diam.; persistent stigma thickly discoid, ca. 1 mm in diam., conspicuously 4-lobed; pyrenes 4, oblong-ellipsoidal, ca. 5 mm, 3-3.5 mm in diam., abaxially smooth, striate, not sulcate, endocarp leathery. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct.
More
A shrub. It is compact and evergreen. It grows to 4.5 m high. It spreads 3 m wide. The branches are stiff. The leaves are small and scalloped. The flowers are white. The fruit are glossy black berries. There are several cultivated varieties.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0 - 1.5
Mature height (meter) 2.75 - 4.7
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.25
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It does best in light to medium, well-drained soil. It needs an open sunny position. In temperate areas in China it grows between 700-2,100 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 6-10. Arboretum Tasmania. Hobart Botanical Gardens.
More
Thickets, woods and wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.
Light 3-8
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

Caution:
Uses environmental use medicinal
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Ilex crenata leaf picture by Abhinandan Abhi (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ilex crenata world distribution map, present in Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Ilex crenata threat status: Endangered

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927286-1
WFO ID wfo-0001078552
COL ID 3PFBS
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Celastrus adenophylla Eurya myrtilloides Ilex luzonica Ilex thomsonii Ilex crenata f. latifolia Ilex crenata f. microphylla Ilex crenata f. helleri Ilex crenata f. longipedunculata Ilex crenata f. bullata Ilex crenata f. longifolia Ilex crenata f. luteovariegata Ilex crenata f. crenata Ilex crenata f. multicrenata Ilex crenata f. nummularia Ilex yuiana Prinos crenatus Ilex helleri Ilex euryifolia Ilex crenata var. latifolia Ilex crenata var. mariesii Ilex crenata var. nummularia Ilex crenata var. longifolia Ilex crenata var. luteovariegata Ilex crenata var. multicrenata Ilex crenata var. aureovariegata Ilex crenata var. helleri Ilex crenata var. variegata Ilex crenata subsp. fukasawana Ilex crenata var. tokarensis Ilex crenata

Lower taxons

Ilex crenata var. thomsonii