Ilex rotunda Thunb.

Kurogane holly (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Aquifoliales > Aquifoliaceae > Ilex

Characteristics

Shrubs or trees, evergreen, to 20 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray to gray-black. Young branchlets longitudinally angular, glabrous, rarely puberulent; older branchlets terete, straight, rough, longitudinally fissured, with slightly raised obovate or deltoid leaf scars, lenticels inconspicuous; terminal buds conical, small. Stipules subulate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm, caducous; petiole 8-18 mm, glabrous, rarely slightly puberulent, narrowly sulcate adaxially; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or elliptic, 4-9 × 1.8-4 cm, thinly leathery or papery, both surfaces glabrous, midvein impressed adaxially, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, evident on both surfaces, anastomosing near margin, reticulate veins obscure, base obtuse or cuneate, margin entire, slightly recurved, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences: cymes of order (2 or)3 or 4, (2-)4-13-flowered, umbelliform, solitary, axillary on current year’s branchlets. Male inflorescences: peduncles 3-11 mm, glabrous; pedicels 3-5 mm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles 1 or 2, or absent, basal, ovate-deltoid; flowers white, 4-merous; calyx patelliform, ca. 2 mm in diam., puberulent, shallowly 4-lobed, lobes broadly ovate-deltoid, glabrous, not ciliate; corolla rotate, ca. 5 mm in diam., petals reflexed at anthesis, oblong, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, basally slightly connate; stamens longer than petals, anthers ovoid-ellipsoidal; rudimentary ovary pulvinate, rostellate, apex 5-or 6-lobed. Female inflorescences: cymes of order 2 or 3, 3-7-flowered; peduncles 5-13 mm, glabrous; pedicels (3-)4-8 mm, glabrous or puberulent; flowers white, 5(-7)-merous; calyx shallowly cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous, shallowly 5-lobed, lobes deltoid, margin erose; corolla rotate, ca. 4 mm in diam., petals obovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm, basally slightly connate; staminodes ca. 1/2 as long as petals, sterile anthers ovoid; ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, stigma capitate. Fruit red, subglobose, rarely ellipsoid, 4-6 mm in diam.; persistent calyx explanate, ca. 3 mm in diam., shallow lobes deltoid, not ciliate; persistent stigma thickly discoid, convex, shallowly 5-or 6-lobed; pyrenes 5-7, ellipsoidal, ca. 5 mm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., abaxially 3-striate and 2-sulcate, rarely 2-striate and 1-sulcate, laterally smooth, endocarp subwoody. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Dec.
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A shrub or tree. It can grow 20 m tall. The trunk can be 1 m across. The bark is dark grey. The leaves are oval and 4-9 cm long by 2-4 cm wide. Male and female flowers are separate.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in evergreen broad-leaved forests in southern China between 400-1,100 m above sea level. In Yunnan.
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Evergreen broad-leaf forests, forest margins on mountain slopes; at elevations from 400-1,100 metres.
Light 4-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

Uses environmental use medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Medicine (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Ilex rotunda leaf picture by Oka (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ilex rotunda fruit picture by francois rousselle (cc-by-sa)
Ilex rotunda fruit picture by 功 真野 (cc-by-sa)
Ilex rotunda fruit picture by Kenneth Parker (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ilex rotunda world distribution map, present in China, Japan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Ilex rotunda threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927285-1
WFO ID wfo-0000729804
COL ID 3PFVP
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Synstima rotundifolia Ilex sasakii Ilex koshunensis Ilex unicanaliculata Ilex microcarpa Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa Ilex rotunda var. sinensis Ilex rotunda