Shrubs or trees to 25 m, dioecious, rarely monoecious; bark grayish brown; crown of trees pyramidal to open, broad and irregular; branches spreading; branchlets straight or slightly curved, terete or 4-angled, 1-1.2 mm in diam. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike; needlelike leaves present on both young and adult plants, decussate or in whorls of 3, loosely arranged, ascending, nearly lanceolate, (3-)6-12 mm, with 2 white stomatal bands adaxially; scalelike leaves present on adult plants, decussate, closely appressed, 1.5-3 mm, abaxial gland near center, elliptic, slightly concave. Pollen cones yellow, ellipsoid, 4-6 × 2-3 mm; microsporophylls 14-18, each with 3 or 4 pollen sacs. Seed cones brown when ripe, usually glaucous, subglobose, 4-9 mm in diam., (1or)2-or 3(or 4)-seeded. Seeds ovoid, 3-6 × 2-5 mm, slightly flattened, ridged, with resin pits, apex blunt.
Usually in secondary vegetation, open, rocky slopes, occasionally forming pure groves, or combined with pines and deciduous angiosperms; at elevations from 100-2,700 metres. High montane varieties occur on rocky outcrops and amongst boulders.
Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings. Seeds needs scarification and soaking.
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